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Human Anatomy and Physiology Laboratory
Week 2
Exercises 27 & 36
Spring 2002
Endocrine Fuctions & Respiratory Anatomy
Purpose:
1. To visually identify and understand the functions of specific endocrine cells.
2. To understand the anatomy and histology of the respiratory system.
Resources:
1. Laboratory manual Exercises 27 & 36
2. Computers: histology atlas on CD
1. Light microscope and a variety of slides
2. Kodachrome slides as explained by T.A.
3. Posters, charts, models, etc.
Terms to Recognize and Identify for Endocrine Functions:
Pituitary:
anterior pituitary:
acidophils
basophils
chromophobes
growth hormone (GH)
prolactin (PRL)
posterior pituitary :
pituicytes
oxytocin
melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH)
tropic hormones:
- gonadotropins (FSH, LH)
- adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
- thyrotropic hormone (TSH)
antiduretic hormone (ADH)/vasopressin
Thyroid:
follicular cells
parafollicular cells (C-cells)
colloid
calcitonin
thyroid hormone
- T4
- T3
Parathyroid:
chief cells
oxyphil cells
parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Adrenal gland:
adrenal cortex:
mineralocorticoids (zona glomerulosa)
glucocorticoids (zona fasiculata)
adrenal medulla:
chromaffin cells
gonadocorticoids / sex hormones (zona
reticularis)
epinephrine
norepinephrine
Pancreas:
alpha & beta cells (Islet of Langerhans)
exocrine acinar tissue
glucagon
insulin
Thymus:
thymosin
Pineal body:
melatonin
Ovary:
estrogens
progesterone
Testes:
testosterone
Terms to Recognize and Identify for Respiratory Anatomy:
General: surfactant, respiratory tree, conducting vs. respiratory zones, respiratory
membrane / air blood barrier
Gross Anatomy:
Upper respiratory structures
oral cavity
- hard palate
- soft palate
external nares
nasal cavity
- nasal septum
- nasal conchae
- turbinate bones
internal nares
nasopharynx
- uvula
- pharyngeal tonsil
oropharynx
- palatine tonsil
- lingual tonsil
Lower respiratory structures
trachea
- trachealis muscle
- tracheal rings
- tracheal bifurcation
- carina
laryngopharynx
larynx
- hyoid bone
- thyroid cartilage
- arytenoid cartilage
- cricoid cartilage
- thyrohyoid ligament
- cricothyroid ligament
- epiglottis
- glottis
- vocal fold (true vocal cord)
- vestibular fold (false vocal cord)
hilus
primary bronchi
secondary bronchi
lobes of the lung
cardiac notch
diaphragm
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
Respiratory Anatomy, Cont'd.:
Histology:
Upper respiratory structures:
olfactory epithelium
- Bowman’s glands
respiratory epithelum
Lower Respiratory Structures:
bronchi
- cartilage plates
bronchioles
- Clara cells
- collapsed lumen
- simple cuboidal epithelium
- smooth muscle
trachea
- pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
- goblet cells
- trachealis muscle
- hyaline cartilage/tracheal rings
- tracheal glands
respiratory bronchioles
- smooth muscle
alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
- alveoli
pulmonary arteries / veins
Helpful Hints:
left lung – superior / inferior lobes, cardiac notch
right lung – superior / middle / inferior lobes
nasal conchae – superior / middle / inferior = turbinate bones + tissue coverings