Download Exam 4 Review

BIOL 255 SI, Molly
EXAM 4 REVIEW, 11/14/16
Unit 4A
1) Blood circulates away from the heart via_____________. This blood can be deoxygenated at
times and also oxygen-________ at other times. The main point is that ___________carries
blood ________from the_______.
2) Blood circulates back to the heart via____________. This blood can be __________-rich at
times and also _______________at other times. The main point is that _________bring blood
___________to the__________.
3) Blood will clot when there is no _________________present and this produces _________
and the blood__________. The _________blood cells form the ________by using the _______
that was present in the____________, so the serum has fewer ____________than plasma.
4) The extracellular fluids include blood __________ (which has more __________than lymph
or ____________ fluids), which are fluids found _____________red blood cells,
________blood cells, and ____________that are suspended in__________. The __________in
blood plasma helps pull ____________ back into the_____________.
5) In the production of formed elements of the blood, _________________is the formation of
blood cells which takes place in the _______bone marrow. Here red blood cell production is
referred to as_______________. The presence of reticulocytes, which are __________red
blood cells, indicates that ________________is taking place, while production of White Blood
Cells is referred to as______________.
6) In a Red Blood Cell count there are ___-___million Red Blood Cells per cubic millimetres, which is
about the size of the head of a pin. The number of reticulocytes increase with rapid
erythropoiesis, normally ____-____%.
7) Before birth, blood cell formation takes place in the fetal _______sac, liver, and __________.
By the 7th month, red bone marrow is the primary _____________________area. The fetus has
Hemoglobin F (HbF) in its RBC which has a ___________affinity to oxygen than Adult hemoglobin
(HbA). This allows oxygen transfer from maternal Hb___ to fetal Hb___.
4B
8) The left coronary artery, which is located in the artioventricular groove or _____________
sulcus, supplies ______________blood to the ________________artery and the anterior
________________artery, which is located in the _________________groove or sulcus.
9) The right ventricle pumps blood to the ________________trunk and on to the lungs via
pulmonary_______________, while the left ventricle, which has a much thicker ___________
because it pumps blood to the__________, distributes blood to the coronary ___________ and
______________circulation.
10) In the sequence of excitation, the _____________(SA) node generates an impulse about 75
times a minute, which stimulate the atria to _____________and the impulse is passed to the
_________________(AV) node. The AV node ___________the impulse for approximately 0.1
second, then the impulse passes from the AV node to the ___________________via the
atrioventricular(AV) bundle, often referred to as the Bundle of_______.
11) An age related change that affects the heart is _____________, which makes valves tougher
and stiffer and also thickens the valve_________. There is also a ____________in cardiac
reserve and fibrosis or ____________of the cardiac muscle, and finally atherosclerosis in which
_____________build up within the coronary______________.
12) The heart is derived from_________________.
4C
13) Fluids escaping the circulatory system are returned by the _____________vessels.
14) Large arteries like the aorta are elastic or _____________arteries. There is not a lot of
vasoconstriction taking place. These are ________walled and have less ____________muscle in
the tunica media layer. They allow _________resistance conduction of blood and can withstand
and diminish large blood ______________fluctuations.
15) Arterioles, which are smaller____________, have less _____________fibers and are
thinner and _______________muscle. Arterioles regulate blood flow into ______________by
vasoconstriction or__________________.
16) The functions of the capillaries are: _____________of oxygen and carbon dioxide by
____________, ____________of nutrients, and __________and removal of __________
wastes.
4D
17) Lymphoid cells are mainly lymphocytes ___cells and ___cells that protect the body against
______________, which are anything the body perceives as foreign, such as __________ and
their toxins, __________, and mismatched transfused RBC or other transplanted _________, as
well as cancer cells.
18) T cells orchestrate __________responses in which the T cell, that matures in the
__________, attacks and destroys ________________cells, while B cells produce
____________ cells that secrete ____________, which are proteins that bind____________,
tagging them for removal from the body. B cells mature in the bone______________.
19) The functions of the lymph nodes are: _____________of macrophages (which destroy
microorganisms and debris entering via the ______________lymphatic vessels) and ________
system activation (which monitor for _____________and initiate their removal).
20) Lymph nodes have two distinct regions: the _____________, which is the outer region, and
the ______________, which is the inner region. The cortex contains follicles with
_____________ centers where you find __________B cells and _____________cells. Housed
deep within the cortex are _______cells in transit. These T cells circulate continuously
surveying__________, lymph _____________, and the lymphatic stream.
21) The spleen, which is the ____________lymphoid organ, functions are: site of __________
proliferation, ____________surveillance and response (white pulp area), cleansing of the
__________, storage and break down of products of old RBC’s, storage of ____________for
later use by bone marrow, site of fetal _______________ production (which normally ceases
after birth), and storage of blood ____________ (red pulp area).
22) Lymphatic organs arise from the ______________except the thymus, which is
______________ in origin. Other than the spleen and the tonsils, lymphoid organs are poorly
_______________ at birth.
4E
23) The respiratory zone is the site of gas ___________and consists of____________, alveolar
ducts, and_________. The conducting zone provides a _________for air to reach the ____ of
gas change and include other respiratory structure such as the_______, nasal cavity, _______,
and trachea and also the respiratory muscles such as the _____________and other muscles
allowing ventilation.
24) Functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae during inhalation are to________, heat, and
__________, while during exhalation they reclaim __________and moisture to minimize heat
and _____________loss.
25) The Nasopharynx lies posterior to the nasal cavity is strictly an air ______________, and is
lined with _________________columnar epithelium. The ____________________________
(auditory/Eustachian) tube open into the ___________walls of the nasopharynx. While the
oropharynx serves as a common passageway for ________and _________and its epithelial lining
is composed of protective _______________squamous epithelium.
26) The laryngopharynx serves as a common passageway for __________and ________, and is
continuous with the___________. It has 3 functions: to provide a patent_________, provide a
_____________mechanism to route air and food into proper channels with the use of
the_____________ (which is elastic cartilage covering the laryngeal inlet
during____________), and ___________production.
27) Vocal ligaments attach the ____________cartilage to the ____________cartilage, which
are lined with mucosal folds called ________vocal cords. The medial opening between them is the
__________and these vibrate to produce ___________as air rushes up from the________.
The false vocal cords, or _____________fold, are the mucosal folds __________to the true
vocal cords. The __________vocal cords play no part in sound_______________, but close the
glottis when swallowing or holding your__________.
28) Speech is produced with the ______________release of expired air while opening and
closing the__________. Pitch is determined by the length and __________of the vocal cords,
along with the bigger/smaller the thyroid cartilage the lower/higher the voice. Loudness depends
upon the _________of air rushing across the vocal cords. The pharynx resonates, __________,
and enhances sound quality.
29) The bronchial tree is composed of the larynx, trachea, __________, and_____________.
The right and left ___________begin at the last tracheal cartilage, which is referred to as the
____________. The bronchi subdivide into ____________bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the
lungs, and then subdivide again to form ______________bronchi.
30) Bronchioles consist of ___________epithelium with a complete layer of circular
__________ muscle and lack _____________support and __________producing cells. The last
segment of the bronchioles as they enter the respiratory zone are referred to as
___________bronchioles where they feed into the ____________bronchioles defined by the
present of__________.
31) The alveolar wall is a single layer of type I epithelial cells that permit _________exchange by
simple _______ and also secrete _____________converting enzyme that helps __________
blood pressure when needed. Additionally, type II cells secrete ____________ which reduces
surface _______ on the alveoli and allow them to stay ___________and expanded.
32) Peripheral chemoreceptors at the ___________and ___________bodies detect the levels
of oxygen and carbon dioxide to _____________respiration via the____________.
33) The medullary respiratory centers contain the D_________R____________ G______
(DRG), which is the ______________respiratory center. It ____________the inspiratory
muscles and sets the normal breathing rate (referred to as___________) and is
__________during expiration. Also located here is the V___________ R______________
G____________ (VRG), which is the _____________area involved in ___________inspiration
and expiration.
34) The pons respiratory centers _____________and ___________the activity of the
medullary centers by _____________the transitions between inspirations and___________.
The pneumotaxic area continuously ____________inspiration centers. The apneustic area
_______________inspiration centers as in the case of taking a long __________breath.