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BIOL 255 SI, Molly EXAM 4 REVIEW, 11/14/16 Unit 4A 1) Blood circulates away from the heart via_____________. This blood can be deoxygenated at times and also oxygen-________ at other times. The main point is that ___________carries blood ________from the_______. 2) Blood circulates back to the heart via____________. This blood can be __________-rich at times and also _______________at other times. The main point is that _________bring blood ___________to the__________. 3) Blood will clot when there is no _________________present and this produces _________ and the blood__________. The _________blood cells form the ________by using the _______ that was present in the____________, so the serum has fewer ____________than plasma. 4) The extracellular fluids include blood __________ (which has more __________than lymph or ____________ fluids), which are fluids found _____________red blood cells, ________blood cells, and ____________that are suspended in__________. The __________in blood plasma helps pull ____________ back into the_____________. 5) In the production of formed elements of the blood, _________________is the formation of blood cells which takes place in the _______bone marrow. Here red blood cell production is referred to as_______________. The presence of reticulocytes, which are __________red blood cells, indicates that ________________is taking place, while production of White Blood Cells is referred to as______________. 6) In a Red Blood Cell count there are ___-___million Red Blood Cells per cubic millimetres, which is about the size of the head of a pin. The number of reticulocytes increase with rapid erythropoiesis, normally ____-____%. 7) Before birth, blood cell formation takes place in the fetal _______sac, liver, and __________. By the 7th month, red bone marrow is the primary _____________________area. The fetus has Hemoglobin F (HbF) in its RBC which has a ___________affinity to oxygen than Adult hemoglobin (HbA). This allows oxygen transfer from maternal Hb___ to fetal Hb___. 4B 8) The left coronary artery, which is located in the artioventricular groove or _____________ sulcus, supplies ______________blood to the ________________artery and the anterior ________________artery, which is located in the _________________groove or sulcus. 9) The right ventricle pumps blood to the ________________trunk and on to the lungs via pulmonary_______________, while the left ventricle, which has a much thicker ___________ because it pumps blood to the__________, distributes blood to the coronary ___________ and ______________circulation. 10) In the sequence of excitation, the _____________(SA) node generates an impulse about 75 times a minute, which stimulate the atria to _____________and the impulse is passed to the _________________(AV) node. The AV node ___________the impulse for approximately 0.1 second, then the impulse passes from the AV node to the ___________________via the atrioventricular(AV) bundle, often referred to as the Bundle of_______. 11) An age related change that affects the heart is _____________, which makes valves tougher and stiffer and also thickens the valve_________. There is also a ____________in cardiac reserve and fibrosis or ____________of the cardiac muscle, and finally atherosclerosis in which _____________build up within the coronary______________. 12) The heart is derived from_________________. 4C 13) Fluids escaping the circulatory system are returned by the _____________vessels. 14) Large arteries like the aorta are elastic or _____________arteries. There is not a lot of vasoconstriction taking place. These are ________walled and have less ____________muscle in the tunica media layer. They allow _________resistance conduction of blood and can withstand and diminish large blood ______________fluctuations. 15) Arterioles, which are smaller____________, have less _____________fibers and are thinner and _______________muscle. Arterioles regulate blood flow into ______________by vasoconstriction or__________________. 16) The functions of the capillaries are: _____________of oxygen and carbon dioxide by ____________, ____________of nutrients, and __________and removal of __________ wastes. 4D 17) Lymphoid cells are mainly lymphocytes ___cells and ___cells that protect the body against ______________, which are anything the body perceives as foreign, such as __________ and their toxins, __________, and mismatched transfused RBC or other transplanted _________, as well as cancer cells. 18) T cells orchestrate __________responses in which the T cell, that matures in the __________, attacks and destroys ________________cells, while B cells produce ____________ cells that secrete ____________, which are proteins that bind____________, tagging them for removal from the body. B cells mature in the bone______________. 19) The functions of the lymph nodes are: _____________of macrophages (which destroy microorganisms and debris entering via the ______________lymphatic vessels) and ________ system activation (which monitor for _____________and initiate their removal). 20) Lymph nodes have two distinct regions: the _____________, which is the outer region, and the ______________, which is the inner region. The cortex contains follicles with _____________ centers where you find __________B cells and _____________cells. Housed deep within the cortex are _______cells in transit. These T cells circulate continuously surveying__________, lymph _____________, and the lymphatic stream. 21) The spleen, which is the ____________lymphoid organ, functions are: site of __________ proliferation, ____________surveillance and response (white pulp area), cleansing of the __________, storage and break down of products of old RBC’s, storage of ____________for later use by bone marrow, site of fetal _______________ production (which normally ceases after birth), and storage of blood ____________ (red pulp area). 22) Lymphatic organs arise from the ______________except the thymus, which is ______________ in origin. Other than the spleen and the tonsils, lymphoid organs are poorly _______________ at birth. 4E 23) The respiratory zone is the site of gas ___________and consists of____________, alveolar ducts, and_________. The conducting zone provides a _________for air to reach the ____ of gas change and include other respiratory structure such as the_______, nasal cavity, _______, and trachea and also the respiratory muscles such as the _____________and other muscles allowing ventilation. 24) Functions of the nasal mucosa and conchae during inhalation are to________, heat, and __________, while during exhalation they reclaim __________and moisture to minimize heat and _____________loss. 25) The Nasopharynx lies posterior to the nasal cavity is strictly an air ______________, and is lined with _________________columnar epithelium. The ____________________________ (auditory/Eustachian) tube open into the ___________walls of the nasopharynx. While the oropharynx serves as a common passageway for ________and _________and its epithelial lining is composed of protective _______________squamous epithelium. 26) The laryngopharynx serves as a common passageway for __________and ________, and is continuous with the___________. It has 3 functions: to provide a patent_________, provide a _____________mechanism to route air and food into proper channels with the use of the_____________ (which is elastic cartilage covering the laryngeal inlet during____________), and ___________production. 27) Vocal ligaments attach the ____________cartilage to the ____________cartilage, which are lined with mucosal folds called ________vocal cords. The medial opening between them is the __________and these vibrate to produce ___________as air rushes up from the________. The false vocal cords, or _____________fold, are the mucosal folds __________to the true vocal cords. The __________vocal cords play no part in sound_______________, but close the glottis when swallowing or holding your__________. 28) Speech is produced with the ______________release of expired air while opening and closing the__________. Pitch is determined by the length and __________of the vocal cords, along with the bigger/smaller the thyroid cartilage the lower/higher the voice. Loudness depends upon the _________of air rushing across the vocal cords. The pharynx resonates, __________, and enhances sound quality. 29) The bronchial tree is composed of the larynx, trachea, __________, and_____________. The right and left ___________begin at the last tracheal cartilage, which is referred to as the ____________. The bronchi subdivide into ____________bronchi, each supplying a lobe of the lungs, and then subdivide again to form ______________bronchi. 30) Bronchioles consist of ___________epithelium with a complete layer of circular __________ muscle and lack _____________support and __________producing cells. The last segment of the bronchioles as they enter the respiratory zone are referred to as ___________bronchioles where they feed into the ____________bronchioles defined by the present of__________. 31) The alveolar wall is a single layer of type I epithelial cells that permit _________exchange by simple _______ and also secrete _____________converting enzyme that helps __________ blood pressure when needed. Additionally, type II cells secrete ____________ which reduces surface _______ on the alveoli and allow them to stay ___________and expanded. 32) Peripheral chemoreceptors at the ___________and ___________bodies detect the levels of oxygen and carbon dioxide to _____________respiration via the____________. 33) The medullary respiratory centers contain the D_________R____________ G______ (DRG), which is the ______________respiratory center. It ____________the inspiratory muscles and sets the normal breathing rate (referred to as___________) and is __________during expiration. Also located here is the V___________ R______________ G____________ (VRG), which is the _____________area involved in ___________inspiration and expiration. 34) The pons respiratory centers _____________and ___________the activity of the medullary centers by _____________the transitions between inspirations and___________. The pneumotaxic area continuously ____________inspiration centers. The apneustic area _______________inspiration centers as in the case of taking a long __________breath.