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Evolution Test Review GRAPHS, CHARTS and Diagrams DNA ANALYSIS Organism DNA Codes FROG ATT GGA GCA GAC TTA LIZARD ATT GGC ACT AAT CTA SALAMANDER ATT GGA ACT AAC CTT AMERICAN TOAD ATC TCT AAC AAC CTT Used to determine relatedness among species. Protein (DNA) Analysis Organism Number of differences in amino acids in Cytochrome C compared to humans Tuna 21 Mold 48 Moth 31 Dog 11 Horse 12 Chicken 13 Monkey 1 Homologous Structures Evidence for common ancestry. FOSSIL RECORD Provides evidence of change over time and age of past organisms. EMBROLOGY Shows evidence of common ancestry. CLADOGRAM A cladogram is a diagram that depicts evolutionary relationships among groups. It is based on PHYLOGENY, which is the study of evolutionary relationships. Family Trees Phylogenetic Trees: Order of Evolution of Species and Relatedness Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 Cladograms: Evolutionary Relationships and Development of Adaptations Bar Graph This shows how the frequency of alleles for color have changed in this rabbit population over time. Genetic Variation Mutation: Some “green genes” randomly mutated to “brown genes” (although since any particular mutation is rare, this process alone cannot account for a big change in allele frequency over one generation). Natural Selection This is a non-random mechanism of evolution. Gene Flow (Migration) Migration (or gene flow): The introduction of new alleles into a population from another population of the same species. This is a random mechanism of evolution. Genetic Drift The process of change in the genetic composition of a population due to chance or random events rather than by natural selection, resulting in changes in allele frequencies over time. Types of Natural Selection One of the extremes of a phenotype is the fittest. The intermediate phenotype is the fittest. Both of the extremes of a phenotype is the fittest. Speciation The formation of new species from the evolution of existing species. Results from reproductive isolation of two populations. Reproductive Isolation Types Behavioral Isolation – when two populations are separated by different mating behaviors – leads to speciation Geographic Isolation – when two populations are separated by a physical barrier and cannot reach each other – leads to speciation Temporal Isolation – when two populations mate at different times – leads to speciation Lamarck vs. Darwin Lamarck vs. Darwin Darwin would say the wolf with the square snout will be outcompeted by the round snouted wolf and die off. Lamarck would say the wolf can change its snout shape by willing it to change during its lifetime. Practice Questions Meaning of Evolution Answer - #3 Mechanisms of Evolution, Patterns of Evolution Answer - #1 Phylogeny; Cladograms Answer - #2 Mechanism of Evolution Answer - #1 Natural Selection Answer - #4 Evidence of Evolution Comparative embryology, similar DNA sequences, and homologous structures are all evidence of a. b. c. d. endosymbiotic theory common ancestry genetic drift artificial selection Human CCA GGT ATA Chimp CCA GGT ATT Cat CCA GAG ATC Answer - B Fossil Record Answer - #1 Complexity of a Eukaryotic Cell Answer - #3 Mechanisms of Evolution: Recombination Answer - #4 Natural Selection Answer - #2 Answer - #4 When a population cannot adapt to changes in their environment and they all die, ______________ has occurred. a. adaptation b. natural selection c. genetic drift d. extinction Answer - D Patterns of Evolution On the Galapagos Islands, finch species started on one island, then moved to each island and evolved separately into new species. This is known as _______________ a. adaptive radiation b. genetic drift c. artificial selection d. extinction Answer - A Emergence of a new species When a new population evolves from a previous population and the two can no longer interbreed, ___________ has occurred. a. genetic drift b. speciation c. artificial selection d. extinction Answer - B The diagram documents a famous experiment by Diane Dodd. Dodd took an initial population of Drosophila fruit flies and separated them into two different containers. The first group was fed food containing mostly starch. The second group was fed food containing mostly maltose. After eight generations apart (about four months), the flies were re-introduced and could not longer interbreed. They had become two new species. What is the most likely reason the flies evolved into two species? a. At least one of the groups of flies became sterile and unable to lay eggs. b. The two flies were really separate species to begin with, but it went unnoticed. c. The two different food sources introduced many new DNA mutations very quickly and the flies changed drastically. d. Separation with different food sources gave an advantage to mutant flies that could only digest starch or digest maltose. They survived and the species changed in these directions. Answer - D