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Behavior Adaptation Review • Adaptations are traits that increase an organism’s chance of survival in a particular environment. • Adaptations are inherited from parents. • Adaptations can be physical or behavioral. • Ex. Fur color, nocturnal vs. diurnal, hibernation (winter) and estivation(summer) • Ex. Flower color, thorns, catching flies Learned Behaviors in Animals • Learned behavior has been changed by practice or experience. – Habituation-doing something so much you do not think about it anymore. – Conditioning-making a mental connection between a stimulus and a reward or punishment. Ex. Trial and Error (maze), Pavlov’s Dogs – Insight Learning/Reasoning Animal Behaviors • Instinct behavior (innate) is behavior that the animal is born with. • Ex. Fight or Flight, reproduction, protection from predators, hibernating/estivating – Taxis-movement in relation to a stimulus that has a direction toward or away from the stimulus – Reflex-movement in relation to a stimulus. • What controls these behaviors? – DNA!!! Imprinting• Imprinting is a type of behavior that is both learning and innate. – There is a limited phase in an animal’s development which is the only time when certain behaviors can be learned – Konrad Lorenz Social Behaviors • Courtship- Dances to attract mates • Territoriality-mark the area so others know it is your area • Hierarchy – social levels within a group • Communication- inform others of location of food or danger • • • • Pheromones https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gcHt5n3NGK0 Bee Dances http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vaszh2bY3mc Behavior • Rhythmic Behaviors-behaviors that occur in a cycle or pattern. • All animals function on circadian rhythms. – “biological clocks” – Include activities an animal would do in a 24 hour cycle. Ex. Sleep, Wake, Eat, Excretion, etc. • Annual Rhythms=occur over several seasons or a year. – Hibernation/estivation • Plant Biological rhythms-photoperiodism Plant movement! • Tropism – Movement because of an environmental stimulus AND the direction is determined by the stimulus. – Permanent (until the stimulus changes) – Ex. Phototropism=light – Thigmotropism=touch – Gravitropism=gravity • Tropisms are positive (toward) or negative (away). Example: a plant’s leaves show positive phototropism. • These are controlled by plant hormones. • Diagrams Hormones that affect plants. • Auxins-cause cells to grow, stop (this can cause the plant to move) • Gibberellins-cause germination and growth of seedlings, increase fruit size, and can promote flowering • Ethylene-Ripens fruit • Abscisic Acid-dormancy, blocks other hormones