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AMENDMENT
13th
14th
15th
YEAR RATIFIED
1865
1867
1870
Congress
(even though Johnson vetoed it)
President Grant
•All citizens were granted “equal
protection of the laws”
•It defined a citizen as “all persons
born or naturalized in the United
States”
•It did not include Native Americans
•It forbade states to “deprive any
person of life, liberty, or property
without due process of law.”
•If a state denied any male citizen
who was 21 years old (or older) the
right to vote, that state would have
its representation in Congress
reduced
•It forbade any
state to deny
any citizen the
right to vote
because of
“race, color, or
previous
servitude.”
•It did not apply
to Native
Americans or
women
WHO IT WAS President Lincoln
RATIFIED UNDER
DETAILS
•Banned slavery
and involuntary
servitude, except
as punishment
for crime
•Necessary
because the
emancipation
proclamation did
not free all
slaves
Lincoln and Reconstruction
“with malice [harm] towards none, charity for
all” – Lincoln
- Confederate officials pardoned (forgiven of
their crimes)
- Freedmen’s Bureau established
Freedmen’s Bureau
 Government
agency set up to help former
slaves who wanted to learn to read and
write and set up their own communities
Freedmen’s Bureau
 Ex-slaves
and poor whites were aided by the
federal government
 Gave
them clothing and food
 Helped them to look for jobs
 Provided medical care for over 1 million people
 Set up schools – first funding of all black colleges
(Howard University)
With Johnson in charge…
-
-
-
Promised to return Confederate property in
exchange for pledging loyalty to the United States
Southern states set up new state gov’ts – many
refused to ratify 13th amendment
Southern states pass “black codes” which limit
freedoms of former slaves and criminalize AfricanAmerican life
Black Codes


Excerpts from Codes of Mississippi:
African-Americans …
 must
have written proof of employment at all times
 are forbidden to meet in unsupervised groups
 cannot carry any form of weapon
 OR
RISK INCARCERATION! (prison confinement and
labor)
Civil Rights Act 1866

All persons born in the United States
were citizens (except Native
Americans)
 But



not Native Americans…
Stated all citizens were entitled to
equal rights (regardless of race)
Johnson vetoes and Congress overrides
Proposed 14th amendment but hit
resistance by South and president
RADICAL RECONSTRUCTION 1867
*Divided South into 5 military
districts
*Planter class lost right to vote
Before Southern states could reenter union they must:
th
 1) Ratify 14 amendment
(citizenship)
 2) Allow African-American men
to vote (15th amendment)
 3) Disband state governments
and write new state
constitutions
Military Districts
What was not done?



Land reform!
Suggestion of 40
acres and a mule
(Sherman) never
realized
Why is economic
independence so
important?

Most of the new delegates writing
southern state constitutions were
Republican poor white farmers
nicknamed Scalawags (scoundrels)
for going along with the “radical” plan
Carpetbaggers: People who headed
South carrying only a cheap suitcase,
known as a “carpetbag”
 Some African-American delegates as
well

Johnson fights back and so does
Congress!



Tenure of Office Act – prohibited Johnson from
firing government officials without approval from
Senate
1868 – Johnson fires Secretary of War Stanton
over disagreements
Leads to impeachment hearings against Johnson –
acquitted by a single vote!
Think about it…


How does your plan compare to what the actual
Congress voted to do during the Reconstruction
period?
Evaluate their decisions – was enough done?