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The Geography of Greece
Main Idea
Power & Authority
 The growth of city-states in
Greece led to the development
of several political systems,
including democracy
Why it Matters Now
 Many political systems in
today’s world mirror the varied
forms of government that
evolved in Greece
Rules and Order in Greek City-States
•
Greeks did not develop political unity
 Created polis (city-states)
 Most city-states covered 50 to
500 square miles
 Home to fewer than 10,000
residents
 Acropolis – gathering place to
discuss city government
The Acropolis Today
Greek Polis
•
Types of Rule in City-States
 Rule by a king (Monarchy)
 Rule by a small group of people
(Aristocracy)
 Rule by a few powerful people
(Oligarchy)
 Rule by a tyrant- powerful
individuals who work for the
interests of ordinary people
Athens Builds a Limited Democracy
•
621 B.C. – Draco ruled all
Athenians equal under the
law
•
594 B.C. – Solon
establishes a direct
democracy

All citizens
participate in
government

Only males were
citizens

Outlawed slavery

Created 4 social
classes
 top 3 could hold
office
Solon
ATHENS: Yesterday & Today
Athens-Democracy (Continued)
•
500 B.C. – Cleisthenes
organized citizens in 10
groups

Created council
of 500

Council members
chosen at random

Only free adult
male property
owners born in
Athens were
citizens

Women, slaves,
foreigners
excluded
Athenian Education
•
Athenian Males

Sons of wealthy got formal education at age 7

Two years of military service at age 18

Active service is called hoplites (infantry)

Right to speak and vote in the Assembly

At age 30, could serve in the Council of 500

Women, very little to do outside of family life
Sparta Builds a Military State
$
2nd Most Important City-State
$
Located near the Gulf of Corinth
$
Very different from Athens
$
Built a military state

Conquered Laconia & Messenia

Slaves became known as Helots
$
Didn’t care about Democracy & Arts
$
“Spartan” means highly self-disciplined
SPARTANS
Spartan Government & Society
$
$
Council of Elders

30 yr. old citizens: proposed laws

5 elected officials carried out laws
Oligarchy

$
2 kings ruled Sparta’s military force
Social Order

Original inhabitants

Noncitizens: worked in commerce/industry

Helots: field & house servants
Council of Elders
SPARTA
Helots  Messenians enslaved by the
Spartans.
Spartan Daily Life
•
607-371 B.C. Most Powerful Army
•
Individual expression discouraged
•
Men served in Army until age 60
•
Women physically conditioned to be healthy
mothers
•

ran- wrestled- played sports

Women told men, “ come back with your
shield or on it”

had more independence than Athenian
women
Greeks admired Spartan discipline but didn’t want
to live like them
Spartan Women
Persian Wars: 499 B.C. – 480 B.C.
The Persian Wars
•
Persians control all of Middle East
•
Greek cities in Asia Minor rebel against Persians

•
Athens sent ship to help them
Battle of Marathon – 546 B.C.

Darius (King of Persia) decides to conquer
Greece and punish Athens

10,000 Athenians defeat 25,000 Persians
 lined themselves in phalanxes

Messenger sent 26 miles to deliver news
of victory to Athens
The Battle of Marathon
The Phalanx
Battle of Thermopylae
•
Xerxes, son of Darius, attacks
Greece in 480 B.C.
•
Persians overwhelm Spartans at
Thermopylae
 300 Spartans at the
Mountain pass fought 3 days
•
Persians capture Athens
 Set fire to Athens
Battle of Thermopylae
Pass at Thermopylae
Athenians Fight Back
•
Defeat Persians at Salamis (naval battle)
•
Athenians create Delian League
 Loose alliance of city-states: 200
of them
 Delos: island in the Aegean Sea
•
Athens becomes headquarters and the
dominant power in Greece
•
Athens enters the Golden Age
The Acropolis Today