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The Arithmetic of Chemistry Stoichiometry and chemical reactions A process in which one or more substances is changed into one or more new substances is a chemical reaction A chemical equation uses chemical symbols to show what happens during a chemical reaction 3 ways of representing the reaction of H2 with O2 to form H2O reactants products 3.7 Remember this? Law of mass conservation Law of definite proportions Balancing equations Number of atoms conserved: atoms in reactants equal to atoms in products Change coefficients, not subscripts Balance atoms that occur in only one reactant and one product Balance the rest Check number of atoms on each side Test yourself Test yourself: ethane gas reacts with oxygen gas to produce carbon dioxide and water Heating potassium chlorate yields potassium chloride and oxygen gas Demo reaction: Pb(NO3)2 and KI Atoms: small scale Macroscopic scale: the mole Atomic mass is the mass of an atom in atomic mass units (amu) By definition: 1 atom 12C “weighs” 12 amu On this scale 1H = 1.008 amu 16O = 16.00 amu Average atomic masses: weighted averages Natural lithium is: 7.42% 6Li (6.015 amu) 92.58% 7Li (7.016 amu) The mole (mol) is the amount of a substance that contains as many entities as there are atoms in exactly 12.00 grams of 12C 3.2 How Big is Avogadro’s Number? an Avogadro’s number of softdrink cans would cover the surface of the earth to a depth of over 200 miles if we were able to count atoms at the rate of 10 million per second, it would take about 2 billion years to count an Avogadro’s number of atoms eggs Molar mass is the mass of 1 mole of shoes in grams marbles atoms molecules 1 mole 12C atoms = 6.022 x 1023 atoms = 12.00 g 1 12C atom = 12.00 amu 1 mole 12C atoms = 12.00 g 12C 1 mole lithium atoms = 6.941 g of Li For any element atomic mass (amu) = molar mass (grams) 3.2 One Mole of: S C Hg Cu Fe 3.2 Converting small scale to large (and back) Dimensional analysis: method of calculation utilizing a knowledge of units. Conversion factors are used to manipulate units: Conversion factor desired unit given unit Test yourself How many atoms are in 0.551 g of K? How many molecules of water are in a 15g sample? How many individual H atoms? O atoms? Back to chemical equations 2H2 + O2 2H2O can be read as: 2 molecules H2 of react with 1 molecule of O2 to produce 2 molecules of water, OR 2 moles of H2 react with 1 mole O2 to form 1 mole of water Convert to grams. Limiting reagent 6 red green leftused overup 3.9 Do You Understand Limiting Reagents? In one process, 124 g of Al are reacted with 601 g of Fe2O3 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe Calculate the mass of Al2O3 formed. g Al mol Al g Fe2O3 124 g Al x mol Fe2O3 needed OR mol Al needed mol Fe2O3 1 mol Al 27.0 g Al x g Fe2O3 needed 1 mol Fe2O3 2 mol Al Start with 124 g Al 160. g Fe2O3 = x 1 mol Fe2O3 g Al needed 367 g Fe2O3 need 367 g Fe2O3 Have more Fe2O3 (601 g) so Al is limiting reagent 3.9 General types of simple chemical reactions 1. Combination : A + Z AZ 2. Decomposition: AZ A + Z 3. Single replacement (substitution) A + BZ AZ +B 4. Double replacement/displacement 5. Neutralization (acids and bases) 6. Combustion: reaction with O2, energy produced 1. Combination Reactions Two or more substances (elements or compounds) react to produce one compound Also known as “synthesis” or “addition” A + Z AZ Metal Nonmetal Metal Water Metal oxide oxygen metal oxide oxygen nonmetal oxide nonmetal salt metal oxide base nonmetal oxide salt 2. Decomposition ONE substance reacts to form two or more substances (elements or compounds). AZ A + Z Compound Metal carbonate Hydrated salt Compound compound/element metal oxide salt compound/element oxygen carbon dioxide water water 3. Single Replacement Also known as single displacement or substitution. A metal (A) replaces a metal ion (B=metal) in its salt or a hydrogen ion (B=H) in an acid A + BZ AZ +B Ex. Fe(s) + CuSO4(aq) FeSO4(aq) + Cu(s) Ex. Sn(s) + HCl(aq) SnCl2(aq) + H2(g) A nonmetal (X) replacing another nonmetal (Z) in its salt (B=metal) or acid (B=H) Cl2(g) + NaBr (aq) _____________________________ Bromine + Potassium Iodide ______________________ 4. Double Replacement Also known as “Double displacement”, “Metathesis”, or “Double decomposition.” Two compounds are involved with the cation of one compound EXCHANGING with the cation of another compound. AX + BZ AZ + BX These reactions proceed if one of the ff. is satisfied: 1. An insoluble/slightly soluble product is formed (PRECIPITATE formation) 2. A weakly ionized species is produced. The most common species of this type is water. 3. A gas is produced as a product. 5. Neutralization Reaction of an acid and a base that usually produces a salt and water. HX + MOH MX + HOH Hydrochloric acid and sodium hydroxide. Hydrochloric acid and magnesium hydroxide. Sulfuric acid and Barium hydroxide To be discussed in a separate lesson 6. Combustion Reactions involving oxygen (metal +oxygen), (nonmetal + oxygen), (organic compounds + oxygen) are sometimes called combustion reactions. Energy is given off in combustion reactions. For organic compounds, water and carbon dioxide are usual byproducts. Ex. Metabolism of food, fuel combustion: Sucrose (C22H12O11) combusts Combustion of propane Combustion of hydrogen Quiz Insoluble silver chloride is produced in the reaction between silver nitrate and hydrochloric acid. What type of reaction is this? Balance the equation. Quiz Sodium azide produces nitrogen gas and sodium metal. Type of reaction? Balanced equation? How many grams of nitrogen gas is produced from 60.0g sodium azide? Quiz Working at 273.15K and 1atm (STP), I have 10.0g of carbon and 56L of oxygen. Under these conditions, I know 1mol of any gas has a volume of 22.4L (Molar volume at STP). What is the limiting reagent? If carbon monoxide made sure to be formed, what will be its volume?