Download The Prophet - mrconnerseasterncivs

Do Now:
◊ “the ink of the scholar is holier than the
blood of the martyr” -Muhammad
…what do you think this means
The Prophet
• Muhammad born 570 AD
• Illiterate most of his life
• Angle Gabriel gave him the message that he was to
become messenger of God (Muhammad 40 yrs.)
• Literate after meeting with Gabriel (miraculous)
Revelation
◊ Submit to the will of God and he will judge
with mercy
◊ Koran- word of God is recorded
◊ Shariah- “the way” is the body of laws that
regulate Muslim life
Muslims
◊ People who accepted Muhammad’s
teachings
◊ Islam- “surrender to the will of God”
◊ Belief in 1 God, angels, in revealed books,
in the prophets, and Day of Judgment
Mecca to Medina and Back
◊ Yathrib- Muhammad set out in 622 for Oasis
because of persecution
◊ Hegira- flight from persecution
◊ Yathrib changed to Medina- means city of the
messenger of God
◊ Shift from Judaism because of Jewish treatment to
him and his followers
◊ Face Mecca rather than Jerusalem
◊ Muhammad married women from powerful
families and was able to influence people to his
beliefs
Abu Bakr
• Caliph- successor
• Strengthened the army because of weakened
support after Prophet’s death
• Byzantine Empire stretched thin- Muslims were
able to make way into Fertile Crescent (641
control most of Fertile Crescent)
• Religion grows next 100 yrs (North Africa, Spain,
Asia)
Dissension in the Faith
•
•
•
•
•
4 Caliphs- special to Islamic faith
Ali (4th Caliph) challenged by Umayyads of Syria
Ali killed and capital moved to Damascus
Umayyads- family succession
Shiites- do not recognize first 3 Caliphs
• Ali (4th Caliph, Muhammad’s uncle) recognized as
rightfully Caliph (successor) and his descendants as
legitimate leaders
• Sunnis- recognize all 4 Caliphs
• Reject narrow views of Shiites
http://www.pbs.org/muhamm
ad/
The Five Pillars Of Islam
The Muslim World of the Middle
East
The First Pillar of Islam
◊ The Shahada- Declaration of faith.
◊ Part One- There is no God but God (Allah)
◊ Part two- Muhammad is the messenger of
God (Allah)
The Second pillar of Islam
◊ Salat-Prayer
◊ General Features of Islamic Prayer
• Pray five times each day
• Bowing and prostration represents submission
to God.
• Direction of Prayer must be toward the Holy
city of Mecca.
• Terms to know- mosque, Minaret, Muadhdhin
Muslim prostrate in prayer
Minaret
Mosque
Third Pillar of Islam
◊ Giving Zakat
• Purification and growth
• Giving a percentage of
one’s income and wealth
to the needy.
• Our possessions are
purified by setting aside
a small portion for those
in need.
• Like pruning a plant,
encourages new growth.
Giving alms
Fasting during the Holy Month of
Ramadan
◊ Every day during the Month of
Ramadan all Muslims fast from dawn
to sundown no food and drink.
Spiritual self-purification
◊ A fasting person gains sympathy for
those who have nothing as well as
growth in ones spiritual life.
The Fifth Pillar of Islam
◊ The Hajj or pilgrimage to the holy city of
Mecca (Makkah).
◊ Obligation once in a life time- for those who
are physically and financially able to perform
it.
◊ 2 Million Muslims each year make the trip.
◊ Usually Performed during the twelfth month
of the Islamic Calendar.
Kaaba
Haram Mosque
Kaaba
Rites of the Hajj
◊ Circling the Kabba seven times.
◊ Going seven times between the hillocks
of Safa and Marwa, as Hagar did during
her search for water.
◊ Then the pilgrims stand together at
Arafa, and ask god for what they wish
and for and forgiveness.
◊ This is a preview of the day of judgment.
Hajj continued
◊ Hajj ends with a festival , celebrated in
prayers and feasts.
6th Pillar of Islam: Jihad
◊ Sacred struggle or holy war against the enemies of
Islam
• Of the individual to carry out God’s will
◊ Koran
• Literal word of God and is not subject to change
• Ferment in Islamic Society comes from different
interpretations of Jihad
Section 2:
Centuries of Turmoil
◊ By 900 the great Arab Empire was
broken into many kingdoms
◊ Many foreign invaders set up their own
kingdoms but adopted Islam
• Seljuks 1055
◊ Allowed Abbassid caliph on throne
• Mongols 1200s
◊ Destroyed city and killed the last of the caliphs
Crusades
◊ Alarmed by the defeat of the Christian
Byzantine Empire
◊ Pope Urban II called for a holy war
against the Muslims -1095
◊ Goal to capture Palestine
• Holy land where Jesus had lived
◊ 1096- first crusade resulted in a win for
the Byzantine Empire and reclaimed
much of Anatolia
◊ And went on to conquer Jerusalem
◊ 1187- Islamic world was more advanced
than Europe
◊ Saladin drove Christians out of
Jerusalem
Ottoman Empire
◊ 1300s Ottoman’s emerge in Anatolia
◊ Share same ethnicity as the Seljuks
◊ 1453 Ottomans ended the 1,000 yr old
Byzantine Empire
Suleiman I
◊ 1520-1566 transformed Istanbul into a
major city
◊ Government
• Ruled for 500 yrs being strong but flexible
• Men of Pen and Men of Sword
Ottoman Empire
◊ Slaves
• Conquered peoples
• Freed when converted to Islam
• Could become governors, chief ministers,
cadets (Janizary corps- elite military)
◊ Millets- non-Mulim communities w/in
the empire
Safavid Empire
◊ 1500s Iran
◊ Shiite (Ottoman’s were Sunni)
◊ Abbas the Great 1587-1629
• Shah(king)
• Encouraged trade and commerce