Download Intro to Anatomy and Physiology

Intro to Anatomy and
Physiology
Unit 1: Objectives
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1. Review the basic functions of living organisms
2. Define Anatomy and Physiology and gain an understanding of the
relationship between the two
3. Identify major levels of organization in living organisms
4. Understand the basic functions of the various systems in the body
5. Explain the significance of Homeostasis
6. Use anatomical terms to describe body orientation
7. Identify major cavities of human body and their multiple
subdivisions
Unit 1: Vocabulary
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Metabolism
Homeostasis
Receptor
Effector
Negative feedback loop
Positive feedback loop
Supine
Transverse plane
Frontal plane (coronal plane)
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Sagittal plane
Prone
Anterior
Ventral
Superficial
Deep
Abdominopelvic cavity
Serrous membrane
Unit 1: Vocabulary
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Posterior
Dorsal
Cephalic
Superior
Caudal
Inferior
Medial
Lateral
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Proximal
Distal
Cranial cavity
Spinal cavity
Thoracic cavity
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Parietal membrane
Visceral membrane
Unit 1: Vocabulary
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Mediastinum
Peritoneal cavity
Peritoneum
Mesenteries
Characteristics of Life
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Seven common characteristics of
living things
Characteristics of Life
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1. Cellular organization- living organisms are composed of
very small cells which carry out life processes. The ‘cell’ is
the smallest unit that can be alive. The cells within a
multicellular organism are arranged into tissues and organ
systems
2. Energy requirement- living organisms carry out cellular
respiration which converts energy in food to a form that is
useable by cells for life processes
Characteristics of Life
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3. Interaction with the environment- living organisms cannot
live in isolation; they depend on the environment for food and
nutrients. Organisms must maintain a stable internal
environment through homeostasis
4. Reproduction- living organisms have the ability to
reproduce more of their own kind
Characteristics of Life
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5. Adaptation- Populations of living organisms are able to
adapt to changing environmental conditions
6. Growth and Development- Organisms grow from a single
cell as an egg, to an adult with millions (or more) cells. Living
organisms also develop into a mature adult form, which is
much different from an egg
7. Living things are based on a universal genetic code. All
organisms store the complex information they need to live,
grow, and reproduce in a genetic code written in a molecule
called DNA
Anatomy and Physiology
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anatomy (n.)-The morphological
structure of a plant or an animal or of
any of its parts.
physiology (n.)-The biological study of
the functions of living organisms and
their parts.
Major Levels of Organization
Atom
Molecule
Cells
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Major Levels of Organization
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Atom and Molecule- chemical level of organization
Cells- smallest unit of life are cellular level of organization
Tissue- similar cells working together
Organ- two or more different tissues work together to perform
specific functions
Organ system- multiple organs work together to perform
specific functions
Organism- organ systems working in sync to create
homeostasis
Major Systems of the Body
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Integumentary- skin, nails, hair
– Protects and regulates temperature
Major Systems of the Body
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Skeletal- bones and cartilage
– Support, protection, blood cell formation
Major Systems of the Body
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Muscular- muscle
– Movement, support, heat
Major Systems of the Body
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Nervous system- Brain, spinal cord, nerves
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Responds to stimuli, coordinates organ systems
Major systems of the body
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Endocrine system- glands
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Directs long term changes in organ systems
Major systems of the body
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Cardiovascular system- heart, blood vessels
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Transportation of materials through body
Major systems of the body
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Lymphatic system- lymph nodes, spleen
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Immune system
Major systems of the body
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Respiratory system- lungs
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Delivery of air to gas exchange sites
Major systems of the body
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Digestive system- stomach, intestines, liver
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Processes food and absorbs materials
Major systems of the body
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Urinary system- kidneys
– Elimination water, wastes, etc.
The Language of Anatomy
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Anatomical Position- hands at side with palms
facing up
– Supine- lying face up
– Prone- lying face down
The Language of Anatomy
SUPINE
SUPINE
The Language of Anatomy
SUPINE
PRONE
The Language of Anatomy
Anterior
front side
The navel is on the anterior surface of
the trunk.
Ventral
belly side
The legs are located on the ventral side
of the mink.
Posterior
back side
The shoulder blade is located posterior to
the rib cage.
Dorsal
back side
The breathing hole in dolphins is located
on the dorsal side.
The Language of Anatomy
Cephalic
the head
The mass was found on the cephalic end
of the cat.
Superior
above; toward
the head
The nose is superior to the chin.
Caudal
Tail
The fish has a pair of caudal fins.
Inferior
Below
The knees are inferior to the hips.
The Language of Anatomy
Medial
Toward the
midline of the
body
The medial surfaces of the thighs may be
in contact. Moving medially from the arm
across the chest brings you to the
sternum.
Lateral
Away from the
midline of the
body
Moving laterally from the nose brings you
to the eyes.
Proximal
Toward an
attached base
Away from an
attached base
The thigh is proximal to the foot.
Distal
The fingers are distal to the wrist
The Language of Anatomy
Superficial
At or near the
body’s surface
The skin is superficial to underlying
structures.
Deep
Farther from the The bone of the thigh is deep to the
body surface
surrounding skeletal muscles.
Homeostasis
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The existence of a stable internal
environment.
Is it constant?
– NO!! Unless you are dead.
– It is constantly fluctuating
Homeostasis
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3 Components to this regulation
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1. Receptor- sensitive to a particular change in
the environment
2. Control center- receives and processes the
information from the receptor
3. Effectors- responds to the commands of the
control center
Homeostasis
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Response can be either
– opposition to stimulus or a negative
feedback loop
– Reinforcement of stimulus or a positive
feedback loop
Example: Household Thermostat
Temperature
Set point 68 degrees
decreases (stimulus)
Temperature
increases
Thermometer senses
change (receptor)
Thermostat turns
heat on
(control center)
Set point 98.6
Degrees
Outside temperature
Decreases (stimulus)
Detected by temperature
receptors in skin
(receptor)
Body temp stays
constant
Muscle fibers contract
generate heat
(effectors)
Brain processes info
and sends signal to
Body (control center)
Homeostasis
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Positive feedback loop- intensifies
stimulus
– Severe cut
– Birth
Homeostasis
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Negative feedback loop- opposes the
initial stimulus
– Regulation of body temp.
PLANES OF THE BODY
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Three different sectional planes
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1. Transverse plane- divides body into superior
and inferior sections
Transverse Plane
PLANES OF THE BODY
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2. Frontal plane/Coronal Plane- divides body into anterior
and posterior sections
PLANES OF THE BODY
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3. Sagittal plane- divides the body into left and right sections
Fun WebSite
Buccal
Axillary
Antecubital
Occipital
Abdominal
Cervical
Gluteal
Inguinal
Brachial
Lumbar
Pubic
Scapular
Popliteal
Sural
Femoral
Umbilical
Quadrants of Abdomen
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Abdominopelvic quadrants- four
segments that intersect at umbilicus
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Right upper quadrant
Right lower quadrant
Left upper quadrant
Left lower quadrant
Quadrants of abdomen
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For more precise regional distinctions,
there are nine abdominopelvic regions
used to describe the location of
internal organs
Body Cavities
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Serve two functions
– 1. Protect organs from accidental shocks
and cushion them during walking,
running, jumping, etc.
– 2. Permit significant changes in size and
shape of visceral organs
Body Cavities
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Two main body cavities formed during
embryological development…each
has various sub cavities
Body Cavities
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1. Dorsal Body Cavity
– Cranial cavity- encloses the brain
– Spinal cavity- surrounds the spinal cord
Body Cavities
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2. Ventral body cavity
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Thoracic cavity
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Pleural cavity (lungs)
Pericardial cavity (heart)
Abdominopelvic cavity
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Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
Body Cavities
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Serous Membranes
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Thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities contain
spaces lined with serrous membranes (thin,
slippery lining)
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Parietal membrane- forms outer wall of body cavity
Visceral membrane- covers surfaces of internal organs
Body Cavities
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Space between parietal and visceral
membranes is filled with fluid and
prevents friction
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Visceral Pericardium
Parietal Pericardium
Visceral Pleural
Parietal Pleural
Body Cavities
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Mediastinum- not considered body
cavity, yet houses pericardial cavity,
thymus gland, trachea, and
esophagus (between two pleural
cavities)
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Serous membrane of the peritoneal
cavity is known as the peritoneum
Mink Dissection