Download On the Origin of Species

3rd Quarter Review
1. What is biodiversity? (page 150)
• Sum total of the genetically based variety
of species in the biosphere
• The more variation=more biodiversity
2.What is ecosystem diversity?
(page 150)
• The variety of habitats, communities and
ecological processes in the living world
3. Unexpected changes in
ecosytems can have what type of
consequences?
• Destabilization
4.What is genetic diversity?(page
150)
•
The sum total of all the different forms of
genetic information (allele combinations)
5.Why is biodiversity important?
(page 150-151)
• It provides foods, industrial products and
medicine. The larger variety of species
provides stability to the environment and
makes it better prepared for major
changes ex. Disease, disasters.
6. What affects biodiversity?
• -Alteration in habitat ex. Loss of forest
area
• -Hunting of species to extinction
• -Introducing poisons/toxins ex. pollution
• -Introducing of nonnative species ex. They
could fight for same food supply or space
and may not be limited by predators.
• Immigration & emmigration
7.What makes a population
increase?
• -immigration
• -increased birth rate
8.What makes a population
decrease?
• -emigration
• -increased death rate
9.Define niche.
• The role an organism has in its
environment aka its job-ex. getting food,
how it survives etc.
10.Define camouflage and the
importance of predator-prey
relationship.
• When an organism blends
with the environment
allowing predators to
sneak up on prey or prey
to hide from predators
11.Define organism.
• Single individual
12.Define population.
• Organisms of same species in same place
at one time
13.Define community.
• Interaction of different populations/species
14.Define ecosystem.
• Interactions of community (biotic) and
abiotic factors
15.What is a limiting factor?
• Biotic or abiotic factors that restricts
number of organisms
16.What is the difference between
exponential growth and logistic
growth? Be able to identify the
diagrams.
• Exponential is a continuous growth (J
shaped) and logistic levels off when
populations reach carrying capacity (S
shaped)
17.What is the carrying capacity?
• Largest number of organisms of a species
that the environment can support (food,
water & space)
18.What is biotic? Give 2
examples
• Living (or once living) parts of an
environment-example plants and animals
19.What is abiotic? Give 2
examples
• Nonliving parts of an environmentexample air, wind, dirt, rocks, water
20.Describe the steps of the
nitrogen cycle.
• Nitrogen gas is converted by bacteria in
soil for plants-plants use it and consumers
eat plants to make proteins. See diagram
on page 78
21.Describe the steps of the carbon
cycle. (page 77)
• (Basic steps) Enters atmosphere as
Carbon dioxide (human activity-burning
fossil fuels, volcanic activity& respiration)
and are taken into plants for
photosynthesis (to make oxygen & to
make carbohydrates) See diagram on
page 77
22.Describe the steps of the water
cycle. (page 75)
• (Basic steps) Evaporation & transpirationcondensation-precipitation
23.What relationships affect
populations? Define both.
• -Predator-Prey=one kills & feeds off
another
• -Symbiosis=close & permanent
relationship between 2 organisms (no
killing)
24.What are the symbiotic
relationships & who gets
helped/hurt/no effect?
• -Mutualism=(+ +) both species benefit
• -Commensalism=(+ 0) One species
benefits & the other isn’t helped or hurt
• -Parasitism=(+ -) One species benefits
and the other is harmed (not killed)
25.What is a food web & why is it
more useful than a food chain?
• Shows all the possible energy
relationships-represents nature better
26.From largest (producer) to
smallest, put the energy pyramid in
order.
• Producer/autotroph-Primary (plants)
consumer/herbivore-Secondary (deer)
• consumer/omnivore or carnivore-tertiary
consumer/carnivore (lion)
27.What is an energy pyramid and
why is the bottom larger than
the top?
• Shows the amount of energy available at
each level-The top is smaller because
90% of the available energy of each level
is used for living processes or lost as heat
to the environment. Therefore, there is
less energy passed on to the next level.
28. What 2 levels are most vital in
the energy pyramid?
• Producers and decomposers
29.What happens to the energy
amounts as it goes up (toward
tertiary)?
• 90% is used by the organism & lost as heat and
10% is passed on to the next level
•
•
•
•
•
30.What are the types of
heterotrophs and briefly describe
each.
-herbivore-eats plants only
-omnivore-eats both plants and animals
-carnivore-eats animals only
-detrivore/scavenger-eats dead animals
-decomposer-gets nutrients from breaking
down and absorbing material down from
dead organisms
31.Define evolution.
• Change over time by Natural Selection
32.Who is the famous evolutionist
that wrote the controversial
book On the Origin of Species
and studied the diversity of
organisms (finches & tortoises)
on the Galapagos Islands?
• Charles Darwin a naturalist
33. What did Darwin conclude was
the cause of the island diversity?
• Natural Selection
34. Natural selection acts upon
pheno
________
(geno/pheno) type
and results in a change in the
• geno
_________
(geno/pheno) type.
35.What is the divergent pattern of
evolution?
• Related species become different from
each other usually because of differing
habitats
36.What is the convergent pattern
of evolution?
• Unrelated species come together to
become similar usually because they are
in the same environment
37.What is the co evolution pattern
of evolution?
• Two species evolve in response to
changes in each other ( ex. insects
becoming poison resistant because plant
makes poison)
38.What are the 5 main evidence
types that are used to prove
evolution? Briefly describe
each.
• -Fossils-remains of dead things
• -Vestigial structures-parts without a CURRENT function,
but had function for ancestor (example-appendix in
humans, wings on ostriches, & pelvic bones in whales)
• -Embryology-Study of organisms in earliest stages of life
(example fish, reptiles, birds & mammals all have gill slits
& tails as embryos)
• -DNA-Similar sequences of DNA showing relationships
(Ex. Humans & chimpanzees are 98% similar in DNA
• -Homologous Structures-Parts with similar patterns but
may have different functions (ex. Birds wing and an
alligator arm)
39.Define speciation.
• A group of organisms that look alike & can
interbreed to produce fertile offspring
40.What is gradualism?
• Speciation occurs through a slow change
of adaptations
41.What is punctuated equilibrium?
• Speciation occurs in bursts with long
period of no change
42.What happens in directional
equilibrium? Know what it
looks like.
• Favors one extreme variation of a trait-can
lead to a new species
• See diagram on page 398
43.What happens in stabilizing
equilibrium? Know what it
looks like.
• Favors the average trait-reduces variation
of organisms
• See diagram on page 399
44.What happens in disruptive
equilibrium? Know what it
looks like.
• Favors both extreme variation of a trait
(example large and small)-can lead to
evolution of two new species
• See diagram on page 399
45.Define natural selection.
• The organisms with useful variations for
their environment survive & reproduce
successfully
• “Survival of the fittest”
46.Define homozygous
• When both alleles are dominant (ex. AA)
or recessive (aa)
47.Define heterozygous.
• A recessive and dominant allele
combination example Aa (Expresses the
dominant trait)
48.Define dominant.
• The allele that masks a recessive allele
when they are combined a heterozygous
combination.
• Represented by a capital letter
49.Define recessive.
• combination. Expressed with a lowercase
letter
50. Why is a lethal allele passed
on unknowingly through
generations?
• The dominant trait is the only visible trait.
• Example Blue eyes b Brown eyes B when
alleles are combined Bb the eyes are
brown.
51.What is the difference between
being a carrier and those with a
disease?
• A carrier has a recessive allele for the
disease, but the dominant (non-disease)
allele is the visible trait. A person does not
show the disease, but can pass the
recessive allele can be passed onto
offspring. If another carrier combines and
passes their recessive disease allele and
the offspring is homozygous recessive
they will have the disease. (example
cystic fibrous)
52.What is a genetic variation and
what causes it?
• Mutations in DNA and gene shuffling
during production of gametes
53.What is genetic equilibrium in a
gene pool?
• No change in a population over many
generations-Vary rare
54.What is a gene pool?
• All the alleles that make up a population’s
genetic combinations
55.What increase a population’s
chance of survival in a
catastrophic situation?
• A large variation of genetic information and
large variety of species
56.What is genetic drift?
• A RANDOM change in allele frequency
57.Who does genetic drift usually
affect?
• SMALL and ISOLATED populations
58.What are the 3 types of isolation
that prevents interbreeding and
mixing of the gene pool?
• -Geographic (separation by
physical barrier)
• -Behavioral (separation
because of different
courtship/mating)
• -Temporal (separation because
of different mating seasons)
59. Speciation from isolation can
lead to what 3 characteristics?
• -Produce fertile offspring of a new species
• -The new species offspring can develop
completely
• -The new species offspring do not die
before reproductive age
60.What is a fossil record?
• A record about past life including
structures, what they ate, what ate them,
and the order using fossil information.
61.What can fossil records show?
•
•
•
biological diversity-kinds of organisms
episodic speciation-when a new species
is formed
mass extinction-when a sudden large
extinction occurs