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Populations
DAY 1 - Ecology and Populations
Bell- What is Ecology
What is a Population?
AGENDA
Ecology Intro
Bacteria growth
Corn Growth
HW - Embed a
symbiosis video
on the wiki site
Ecology
study of
interactions
between
organisms
(biotic factors)
and environment
(abiotic
factors).
Biotic Factors
living organisms
Plants,
animals, fungi,
protists,
bacteria
Abiotic Factors
Abiotic
Factors-Non
living factors
rock,
sun, air, water,
temperature
Organization of Life
Biosphere
Biome
Ecosystem
community
population
species
Ecology
BiospherePortion of
earth that
supports
life.
Biomes - terrestrial and aquatic
Ecosystem
Interacting populations in
communities with all factors.
Community
collection of interacting
populations.
Day 2 - Populations
Bell: What is a population?
AGENDA
Symbiotic Relationships
Population Growth
Pop Goes the Planet
HW - Email a
symbiosis video
Population- group of
organisms of one species
living in same place.
Organism Interactions
Symbiosis- relationship
with close and permanent
association among
organisms of different
species.
Types of Symbiosis
Commensalism
Mutualism
Parasitism
Commensalism
one organism benefits and
the other organism is neither
benefited nor harmed.
Mutualism
http://video.nationalgeographic.com/video/kids/anima
ls-pets-kids/bugs-kids/ant-acacia-kids/
both species benefit
Parasitism
one organism benefits while the other
organism is harmed
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vMG-LWyNcAs
Population Growth
Population - same species in a given area
4 ways
Birth
Death
Immigration
Emigration
Population growth - bacteria
QuickTime™ and a
mpeg4 decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Population growth
Graph a Bacteria population
Bacteria divide every 20 minutes
Create a line graph that shows the Population
Growth of bacteria over a 3 hour and 20 minute
period. Assume that the population starts with 1
bacteria and there are unlimited resources.
Corn Graph
Create another graph: population of corn
How many seeds does each generation produce?
Create Graph of showing 10 years (generations).
Assume that only 30 kernels become plants each
year.
Bacteria and Corn
DO the graphs have similar shape
What does it look like? Letter?
Exhibit Exponential Growth
J- Curve
Population will grow exponentially with unlimited
resources
OH DEER
Deer simulation - OUTSIDE
10 Years (rounds)
Deer vs. Shelter, Food, Water
Create a graph showing the deer population
OH Deer
Demonstrates Logistic Growth (S-Curve)
Population Grows to Carrying Capacity
Carrying Capacity is determined by Limiting
Factors
Logistic Growth
Limiting Factors - Lower population size
Competition
Predation
Disease (including Parasitism)
Natural disasters (ex. Drought)
Human Disturbance
Human Population
1492 - 2/ minute
1940 - 40
1950 - 88
1970 - 138
1995- 176
2000- 168
Human Population
What Type of Growth are we experiencing?
Can it continue?
Day 3 - Populations
Watch Video - decide on relationship
AGENDA
Limiting Factors
Energy Flow
Natural Selection Lab
Limiting Factors
Which are Density Dependent?
Competition, Predation, Disease
Which are Density Independent?
Energy Flow
✦
Energy from the sun enters an ecosystem
through photosynthesis
✦
plants use light energy to make sugars
(carbohydrates)
✦
energy is used to
carry out daily
activities
Bell Ringer
✦
If a stream is too warm to support Trout,
is that a biotic or abiotic factor?
Answer:
✦
Abiotic
 Abiotic
Factors-Non living
factors
 rock,
sun, air, water, temperature
Producer vs.
Consumer
✦
Autotroph= Producer:
✦
an organism that makes its own food;
✦
receives direct energy from the sun
✦
Producer vs.
Consumer:
an organism that gets its
Consumer
energy by eating other organisms;
✦
receives energy indirectly from the
sun
Types of Consumers
✦
Herbivores - plant eaters - Primary consumer
✦
Carnivores - flesh eaters - Secondary
consumers, Tertiary consumers, etc.
✦
Omnivores - eaters of all
✦
Detritivores (decomposers) - break down dead
organisms to return nutrients to the soil, water
and air
Food Chain
✦
the sequence in which energy is transferred from
one organism to next as each organism eats
another organism
Food Web
✦
energy flow in an ecosystem is more
complex than that of a simple food chain
✦
Why?
✦
✦
most organisms eat more than one
type of food
food webs show all feeding relationships
possible in an ecosystem
✦
multiple food chains
What happens if the grass is removed?
Trophic Levels
✦
each step through which energy is
transferred in a food chain is a trophic level
✦
✦
Producer - Primary consumer - secondary
consumer - tertiary consumer
when energy is transferred, some is lost as:
✦
heat, etc. - means less energy is
available to organisms at the next level
✦
90% of the energy is used
✦
10% is stored and passed on to next
level
Ecological Pyramids
✦
diagrams that show the relative amounts of
energy or matter within each trophic level of
a food chain/web
✦
3 Types
✦
Energy Pyramids
✦
Biomass Pyramids
✦
Pyramid of Numbers
Energy Pyramids
✦
Reminder:
✦
each layer represents one trophic level
✦
producers form the base (contain most energy)
✦
high level consumers make up top layer (less
energy is available)
Energy Pyramid Problem
✦
Use the following information about this
food chain to create an energy pyramid.
✦
Grass --> Grasshopper --> Frog --> Heron
✦
Assume that there are 175,000 calories
available in all the grass plants in this food
chain.
✦
Label each trophic level. Show the # of
calories available at each level.
Biomass Pyramid
✦
biomass = the total amount of living tissue
within a trophic level
✦
where is the biomass the greatest?
✦
base of the pyramid
Pyramid of Numbers
✦
shows the relative number of individual
organisms at each trophic level
✦
Biomagnification
chemical substances (poisons) become
more concentrated as they move up a food
chain
✦
toxins are stored in the fatty tissues of the
organisms
Day 4 - Natural Selection lab
`
DAY 4 - Populations
BELL: What happened to the Greenus Beanus and
the Varietus Beanus populations? Which had the
higher growth rate? Which had the higher
reproductive Rate (percent left for reproduction)?
Why did the Varietus Beanus population still grow?
Did one phenotype reproduce more than any
others?
AGENDA
*Turn in your Natural Selection
Graphs and Answered question
Population Changes - Hardy-Weinberg
A mutation Story