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Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy and Physiology
INTRODUCTION
- Study of anatomy and physiology is an ever developing
science.
- Greek and Latin form the basis for the language of
anatomy and physiology.
DEFINITIONS:
A.ANATOMY = the study of the structure (morphology,
form) of body parts.
B. PHYSIOLOGY =
the study of the function of body parts.
Sciences of anatomy and physiology
Anatomy: Study of internal and external
structures.
---------------------------------------------------------------Branches of anatomy
Gross anatomy
Microscopic anatomy
◦Cytology
◦Histology
Developmental anatomy
◦Embryology
Physiology: study of the functions of the
human body
cell physiology: function of cells
special physiology: physiology of specific
organs
systemic physiology: physiology of systems
pathological physiology: effects of disease on
organ or system functions.
Levels of Organization
STRUCTURAL LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION:
A. The atom [i.e. Carbon (C), Hydrogen (H), or
Oxygen(O)] is the least complex level. An atom is
defined as the smallest particle of an element.
Atoms combine with (react with) other atoms to
form...
B. molecules [i.e. carbon dioxide (CO2), water
(H20)]. A molecule is defined as a particle
composed of 2 or more joined atoms. Molecules
combine with other molecules to form...
C. macromolecules (i.e. carbohydrates,
lipids, proteins, nucleic acids). A
macromolecule is defined as a large
molecule. Macromolecules combine with
other macromolecules to form...
D. organelles (i.e. cell membrane, nucleus,
ribosomes). An organelle is defined as a
small organ of a cell, which performs a
particular function. Organelles collectively
compose ...
Levels of Organization
E. cells The cell is defined as the basic unit of
structure and function of living organisms!
Each cell has a set of organelles and performs a
particular function (i.e. a red blood cell has a
biconcave shape and is a nucleate. This structure
increases its surface area, allowing for the transport
of more oxygen.
Similar cells are arranged into...
F. tissues (i.e. epithelia, connective, muscle,
nervous). A tissue is defined as a group of similar
cells that performs a specialized function.Two or
more tissues combine to form...
Levels of Organization
G.organs (i.e. skin, heart, brain). An organ is defined as a
structure consisting of a group of tissues that performs a
specialized function. Two or more organs combine to
form...
H.organ systems (i.e. integumentary, cardiovascular). An
organ system is defined as a group of organs that act
together to carry on a specialized function. There are 11
organ systems. The eleven organ systems collectively form
the...
I.human organism An organism is the most complex level
of organization and is defined as an individual living thing.
J.The levels of hierarchy could be further extended to
include; populations, communities, ecosystems, and the
biosphere.
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
skin
hair
nails
sweat glands
sebaceous glands
Major Functions:
protect tissue
regulate body temperature
support sensory receptors
Integumentary system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
bones
ligaments
cartilages
Major Functions:
provide framework
protect soft tissue
provide attachments for muscles
produce blood cells
Skeletal system
store inorganic salts
Levels of Organization
Muscular system
Major Organs:
muscles
Major Functions:
cause movement
maintain posture
produce body heat
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
brain
spinal cord
nerves
sense organs
Major Functions:
detect changes
receive and interpret
sensory information
stimulate muscles and glands
Nervous system
Levels of Organization
Major Organs:
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid glands
adrenal glands
pancreas
ovaries
testes
pineal gland
thymus
Major Functions:
control metabolic activities of
body structures through the
release of hormones
Endocrine system
Levels of Organization
Cardiovascular system
Major Organs:
heart
arteries
capillaries
veins
Major Functions:
move blood through vessels and
transport substances throughout
the body
Levels of Organization
Lymphatic system
Major Organs:
lymphatic vessels
lymph nodes
thymus
spleen
Major Functions:
return tissue fluid to blood
carry certain absorbed food molecules
defend the body against infection
Levels of Organization
Digestive system
Major Organs:
mouth
tongue
teeth
salivary glands
pharynx
esophagus
stomach
liver and gallbladder
pancreas
small and large intestines
Major Functions:
receive, breakdown, and absorb food
eliminate unabsorbed material
Levels of Organization
Respiratory system
Major Organs:
nasal cavity
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
Major Functions:
intake and output of air
exchange gases between air and
blood
Levels of Organization
Urinary system
Major Organs:
kidneys
ureters
urinary bladder
urethra
Major Functions:
remove waste from blood
maintain water and electrolyte
balance
store and transport urine
Levels of Organization
Male reproductive system
Major Organs:
scrotum
testes
epididymides
ductus deferentia
seminal vesicles
prostate gland
bulbourethral glands
urethra
penis
Major Functions:
produce and maintain sperm cells
transfer sperm cells into female
reproductive tract
Levels of Organization
Female reproductive system
Major Organs:
ovaries
uterine tubes
uterus
vagina
clitoris
vulva
Major Functions:
produce and maintain eggs cells
receive sperm cells
support development of an embryo
function in the birth process
Characteristics of Life
• Movement – change in position; motion
• Responsiveness – reaction to a change
• Growth – increase in body size; no
change in shape
• Reproduction – production of new organisms and
new cells
• Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing
carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods
Characteristics of Life Continued
• Digestion – breakdown of food substances into
simpler forms
• Absorption – passage of substances through
membranes and into body fluids
• Circulation – movement of substances in body
fluids
• Assimilation – changing of absorbed
substances into chemically
different forms
• Excretion – removal of wastes produced by
metabolic reactions
Maintenance of Life
• Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
• Water
• Food
• Oxygen
• Heat
• Pressure
• Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Maintenance of Life
• Food- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials
• Oxygen (gas)- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
• Heat- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
• Pressure - application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure
– important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure
– keeps blood flowing
Body cavities and membranes
 Body contains two major closed cavities: DORSAL
AND VENTRAL.
 Dorsal is subdivided :-cranial and spinal cavities
which contain brain and spinal cord.
 Ventral into superior thoracic which houses the heart
and lungs and inferior abdominopelvic cavity which
contains the liver, digestive and reproductive organs.
 Walls of vent. Cavity are covered with thin
membranes, the parietal and visceral serosae.
Organization of the Body
VENTRAL CAVITY
THORACIC CAVITY
lungs , mediastinum, thymus, heart, esophagus, trachea
ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY
ABDOMINAL CAVITY:- stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, small
intestine, large intestine
PELVIC CAVITY:- urinary bladder, internal reproductive organs.
Organization of the Body
Organization of the Body
Serosa
Naming of serous membranes (serosa) with 2 adjectives:
•Parietal
serosa forms
the outer wall
of the cavity
•Visceral
serosa covers
the visceral
organ
Pericardial: heart
Pleural: lungs
Peritoneal: abdominal
Organization of the Body
Thoracic and Abdominopelvic Membranes
1. Membrane = a soft, thin, pliable layer of tissue that
either:
a.
covers a vital (visceral organ) = VISCERAL
MEMBRANE
b.
lines a body cavity = PARIETAL
MEMBRANE
2. There is a space between a visceral and parietal membrane
into which SEROUS fluid is secreted for lubrication.
Organization of the Body
There are specific names for the membranes around the heart, lungs,
and abdominal organs:
Serous Membranes of the LUNGS:
- The membrane on the surface of the lung is called
visceral pleura.
-
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the lungs
are located is called parietal pleura.
-
The space between these two membranes is called
the pleural cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Organization of the Body
Serous Membranes of the HEART:
The membrane on the surface of the heart is called
visceral pericardium.
-
The membrane that lines the cavity in which the heart
is located is called parietal pericardium.
-
The space between these two membranes is called the
pericardial cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Organization of the Body
Serous Membranes of the ABDOMINAL ORGANS:
-
The membrane on the surface of the liver, stomach,
etc. is called visceral peritoneum.
-
The membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is
called parietal peritoneum.
-
The space between these two membranes is called the
peritoneal cavity, and it is filled with serous fluid.
Anatomical Terminology
ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY
A. Definition = a language
used to describe the relative position
of body parts; needed for communication.
B. Anatomical Position =
sides, palms forward
standing erect, face forward, upper limbs at
Anatomical Terminology
Relative Position
1.Superior = above; Inferior = below;
2.Anterior = front; Posterior = back;
3.Ventral = front; Dorsal = back;
4.Medial = center; Lateral = side;
5.Ipsilateral = same side; Contralateral = other side
6.Proximal = closer to trunk; Distal = farther from trunk;
7.Superficial = surface; Deep = internal.
Anatomical Terminology
Body Sections (cuts, planes)
1.Sagittal cut: divides the body into right and left portions.
midsagittal (median) = equal right and left
portions.
2.Transverse Cut: (or horizontal): divides the body into
superior and inferior portions
3.Coronal Cut: (or frontal): divides the body into anterior and
posterior portions.
4. Cross-section: cut at 90 degrees to long axis of the object
5.Oblique section: cut at an angle across an object
6.Longitudinal section: cut with the long axis of an object
Body planes and sections
- cut into sections along a flat surface called a plane
(also called coronal)
(also called XS – cross section)
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology
Anatomical Terminology