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Transcript
Animal Behavior 34.1 Elements of Behavior 34.2 Patterns of Behavior 34.1 Elements of Behavior • Stimulus and Response • Behavior and Evolution • Innate Behavior • Learned Behavior • Instinct and Learning Combined Stimulus and Response • Behavior: reaction to stimulus in the environment – Usually behaviors are performed when an animal reacts to a stimulus. • Stimulus: any kind of signal that carries information and can be detected. • Response: a single, specific reaction to a stimulus. Behavior and Evolution • Many behaviors are influenced by genes. • Behaviors may also evolve under the influence of natural selection. • Organisms with an adaptive behavior will survive and reproduce better than organisms that lack the behavior. Innate Behavior • Also called an instinct or inborn behavior. • Fully functional form without previous use of it. • depend on internal mechanisms that develop as a result of complex interactions between an animal’s genes and its environment. Learned Behavior • Learning: animals can alter their behavior as a • • result of experience; also called acquired behavior. Most animals can learn There are four major types of learning: – – – – Habituation Classical conditioning Operant conditioning Insight learning Habituation • The simplest type of learning. • Habituation: a process by which an animal decreases or stops its response to a repetitive stimulus that neither rewards nor harms the animal. • Ex: Shore Ragworm Classical Conditioning • Any time an animal makes a mental connection between a stimulus and some kind of reward or punishment. • Ivan Pavlov’s Experiment – He studied salivation in dogs; he discovered that if he always rang a bell at the same time he fed the dog, the dog would eventually begin to salivate whenever it heard a bell, even if food was not present. Operant Conditioning • Occurs when an animal learns to behave in a certain way through repeated practice, in order to receive a reward or avoid punishment. • Made famous by B.F. Skinner – Created a box that when the lever was hit, food was delivered. After an animal is rewarded several times it knows that it can hit the lever to receive food. The animal has learned by operant conditioning. Insight Learning • The most complicated form of learning. • Occurs when an animal applies something it has • • already learned to a new situation. Common among humans and other primates. In an experiment a hungry chimpanzee had to figure out how to reach a bunch of bananas hanging overhead: it stacked some boxes on top of one another and climbed. Instinct and Learning Combined • Most behaviors result from a combination of • innate ability and learning. Imprinting: Some very young animals, such as ducks and geese, learn to recognize and follow the first moving object that they see during a critical time early in their lives. – This keeps young close to their mothers who will protect them and feed them. – Once imprinting occurs the behavior cannont be changed. Instinct and Learning, cont. • Imprinting involves both innate and learned behavior. 34.2 Patterns of Behavior • Behavioral Cycles • Courtship • Social Behavior • Competition and Aggression • Communication Behavioral Cycles • Migration: the periodic movement from one place to another and then back again. – Ex: birds, butterflies, and some whales – Allows animals to take advantage of favorable living conditions. • Ex: Birds flying south for winter • Circadian rhythms: behavioral cycles that occur in daily patterns. Courtship • To pass along its genes to the next generation, any • • • animal that reproduces sexually needs to locate and mate with another member of its species at least once. Courtship behavior is part of an overall reproductive strategy that helps many animals identify healthy mates. In courtship, an individual sends out stimuli, such as sounds, visual displays, or chemicals, in order to attract a member of the opposite sex. In some species, courtship involves an elaborate series of behaviors called rituals. Social Behavior • Whenever animals interact with members of their own • species, as in courtship, they are exhibiting social behavior. Many animals form societies. – An animal society is a group of related animals of the same species that interact closely and often cooperate with one another. – Can often provide survival advantages. – Often members of a society are closely related to one another. Related individuals share a large proportion of each other’s genes. Therefore, helping a relative survive increases the chance that the genes an individual shares with that relative will be passed along to offspring. Competition and Aggression • Territory: a specific area that is occupied and protected by an animal or group of animals. – Claiming territory keeps other at a distance. • Competition occurs when two or more animals try to claim limited resources. Competition and Aggression, cont. • Aggression: occurs during competition; a threatening behavior that one animal uses to gain control over another. Communication • The passing of information from one organism to another. • Necessary when involving more than one individual. • Visual • Chemical • Sound • Language Visual Signals • Used by animals with good eyesight. • Ex: Cuttlefish Chemical Signals • Used by animals with well-developed senses of smell including insects, fishes, and many mammals. Many release pheromones. • Pheromones: chemical messengers that affect the behavior of other individuals of the same species. – Used to mark territory or signal readiness to mate. Sound Signals • Used by animals with strong vocal abilities including crickets, toads, and birds. • Some have evolved elaborate communication systems. Language • The most complicated form of communication. • Language: a system of communication that combines sounds, symbols, or gestures according to sets of rules about word order and meaning, such as grammar and syntax. • Only humans are known to use language.