Download A General Introduction to Map Reading on the Human Body

Orientation to the Major Landmarks of the
Human Body: How do we discuss location?
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Topics for 8/24
What is homeostasis and feedback?
What are the eleven organ systems?
What is the standard anatomical position?
What are the anatomical planes and the
terms of anatomical orientation?
• What are the major cavities and membranes?
• How do the axial and appendicular regions
differ?
• Review of study tipsPlease read ahead and review CH2:Chemistry, this is not a
chemistry class but you must be familiar with this material.
Practice Quiz for yesterdays notes:
1) If you weigh 221 pounds, how many kg is this?
2) If you are 50% water how many liters of water is this?
2) If the drug dose was 1 pill (100 mg) per person (male)
and your patient was Yao Yang (7’ 8”) and 320 lbs,
about how much drug (pills) would they need?
3) The heart, blood vessels and blood work together to
deliver oxygen to the body. This is an example of a
what?
• A) Organelle
B) Organ C) Placebo effect
• D) Auscultation E) None are a perfect match
How do I study this material?
Why do I need this information?
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1) Spend quality time on task
2) Work cooperatively on task
3) Have high expectations for yourself
4) Study 2-3 hours for each daily lecture hour, not
just the night before an exam
• 5) Mentally review material when not actively
studying.
• 6) Try to look for FUN applications of Anatomy
and Physiology!!!
Remember: Open Lab Hours: M-Th 6-8am and 8-10pm,
Fri 6am-4pm, Sunday 6-8pm Typically each lab requires about
2-4 hours of study outside of lab for a “B” on a typical test.
Lab Use Agreement/glove voucher/cadaver
agreement: Read, Sign and bring to Lecture, please
HOMEOSTASIS means stability. Types: Weight,
Temperature, Calcium Content, Blood Supply and
much more! Loss in homeostasis=disease!
Why is Homeostasis so important?
Homeostasis is a “dynamic” equilibrium.
Typical Body Temp= 37oC or 98.6oF
What are some of the sources of body temperature variation?
• What is a dynamic equilibrium?
• What is a “set point”?
• Is there a range for temperature?
• Variation is natural and healthy!
• Physiology describes how change is detected and
compensated for!
What is “Feedback”?
• Negative Feedback>>
• Positive Feedback>>
What is your “set point” for body temperature? Why/when do you
Sweat or Shiver? Why do blood vessels Vasodilate (radiate heat) or
Vasoconstrict (conserve heat)? Are all set points alike in all people?
• 39oC
• 37oC………………………………………..
• 35oC
• Time--------------------------------------------->
• Why do we experience the chills or fever?
• Is it advantageous to create chills or a fever?
Why do negative and positive feedback systems
make homeostasis possible in your body?
Exercise requires O2, creates CO2, and generates heat.
• What changes occur during exercise?
– Heart rate
– Breathing rate
– Body temperature
• Why would the heart rate be expected to speed up when it is
warm during exercise?
– Heat provides what type of feedback for heart rate?
– Are there limits to body temperature or heart rate?
• Why does excess exercise lead to a depressant effect in the
brain when you work too hard?
– Acidosis provides what kind of feedback for activity?
What is an organ system?
What are the functions of the 11 organ systems?
How do organs and organ systems differ?
“Organ System”= several organs working to perform a function.
(See A.11 for a great review of Organ Systems).
• 1) Prevention of body entrance
• 2) Support of body
• 3) Transport of body
• 4) Control of physical actions
• 5) Control of biochemical actions
• 6) Transport of blood within body
• 7) Drainage of excess tissue fluid
• 8) Transport of oxygen/carbon dioxide
• 9) Transport of food
• 10) Control of nitrogenous waste/fluids
• 11) Female/Male reproduction
The same “organ” can appear in several different organ
“systems”! i.e. blood vessel or lymph vessel
Where is each “organ system” located in the body?
“Anatomical Position”: standing up straight, with feet flat and
toes forward, arms down with palms forward and thumbs out,
and eyes straight ahead.
Why is having a universal reference position important?
How do you describe injury location/severity to a physician or
follow a physician’s instructions?
• Anatomical Position:
• Anatomical Plane:
• Directional Location:
• Surface Anatomy:
• Body Cavity:
What medical terms do we need to convey meaningful
information to others?
Descriptions of anatomical location are typically relative to
other reference point(s)!
How do we describe how to take an x-ray?
How shall the person be placed in the x-ray
machine? What part of body will the x-ray
examine? Terms for anatomical plane/direction:
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Supine: Face up
(Palm Anterior)
Prone: Face down
(Palm Posterior)
Transverse Plane: horizontal
Frontal Plane: coronal
Midsagittal Plane: medial
– Parasagittal Plane:
Right/Left
Lateral/Medial: outside/inside
Oblique: at an angle
• Figures A 1,2,and 3 and Table
A1 provide a great review!
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Medial/Lateral Direction
Anterior/Ventral Direction
Superior/Cranial Direction
Inferior/Caudal Direction
Posterior/Dorsal Direction
Proximal: closer to center
Distal: more distant from
center
• Superficial: On top/above
• Deep: Below/Underneath
When taking an x-ray we also use a set of terms to
describe location in a body cavity!
Dorsal Cavities: Neural tissues
– Cranial cavity vs. Vertebral Canal
Ventral: Thoracic or Abdominal cavities are
divided by diaphragm
– Thoracic Cavity: Chest
• Pleural Cavity: contains lungs
• Pericardial: contains heart
– Abdominopelvic Cavity: Gut
• Abdominal: above pelvic brim
• Pelvic Cavity: Below brim
Why are the fluids found in each cavity so important to
consider with respect to understanding a disease?
Please Familiarize yourself with where the following
fluids are located: pleural fluid, pericardial fluid,
cerebral spinal fluid, peritoneal and lymphatic fluid
Sometimes infection of organ tissues in a cavity is
prevented by the membranes that cover the organ.
Please familiarize yourselves with these membranes:
Meninges, Pleural membrane, Pericardial membrane,
Peritoneum (Peritoneal membrane), and mesentery.
Organs located in the dorsal region of the abdominal region
are termed “retroperitoneal” or behind the peritoneal
membrane, the kidney is a classic example!
An injury to the body can be either
axial or appendicular in location!
• Appendicular= limbs and appendages
Arms and Legs
– Proximal or distal?
– Lateral or medial?
– Deep or superficial?
• Axial Region=head, neck, and trunk
Continuous with vertebral column
– Trunk= thoracic and abdominal regions
– Includes shoulders
– Clarification: Muscle of shoulders with the
Scapula and clavicle are technically part of
appendicular skeleton
Dorsal and Ventral Perspectives:
Which is which? How do you know?
Welcome to Winona State! Here are some great Study Tips:
Read the Chapter Reviews and Testing Recalls. Could you write 50
words or so about each topic listed in the Chapter Outline and Study
Outline? You might also try the online Learning Center at
http://www.mhhe.com for additional help.
Generally I almost always put some review test questions from book and
website directly on the tests! Most questions on the tests are written
from material in the notes, this material is also described in the book.
The order will not be the exact same and the content will not be the
exact same, if it was why pay tuition and not “just” buy the book.
The idea is to get you to speak the most important parts of the AP
language, we have 634 pages of text to review so get going! 
Final Shot from the “Cheap Seats”, when you put in your 2-3 hours of
study time yesterday, was the I-Pod or TV on? This Won’t Help!
To stay awake while studying late at night, try drinking 1 liter of water
each hour. I promise that your kidneys will keep you wake and I
promise your will get out of bed in the morning with your alarm!
If you have questions try to answer them yourself, then ask your friends,
and then ask the instructor at his office! (232 Pasteur)