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Unit 8: Evolution (Part 2)
Test Review Answers
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1. Define evolution.
ANSWER:
The change in hereditary features overtime.
2. Describe natural selection
(Darwin’s theory behind evolution)
ANSWER:
It is when organisms with the best
traits/adaptations survive and pass on
these traits to their offspring for future
generations.
3. What is the endosymbiotic
theory – describe what happens.
ANSWER:
It describes how the first eukaryotes
formed when large prokaryotes ingest/take
in small prokaryotes to become the first
organelles.
4. Define each of the following
terms and know an example for
each:
a. Adaptation =
variation that helps an organism survive
b. Variation =
differences in a trait for the same species
c. Mimicry =
when you copy the appearance of another
organism
4. Define each of the following terms
and know an example for each:
d. Camouflage =
when you blend in/hide in the environment
e. Vestigial Structures =
parts that currently have no function but were
functional in an ancestor
f. Homologous structures =
parts that are similar in structure or patterns
g. Adaptive radiation =
several forms/species come from a single
common ancestor
5. Name the five factors that cause
evolution.
ANSWER:
1) Mutations
2) Gene flow
3) Genetic drift
4) Nonrandom mating
5) Natural selection
6. When is genetic equilibrium – is
it common?
ANSWER:
It is when there are no changes in a
population
7. Define the following terms:
a. Gene flow =
number of organisms moving in and out
a. Genetic drift =
random change in allele frequency
a. Gene pool =
all the genes that make up a population
8. What is a species?
ANSWER:
Species = organisms that look the same,
can interbred and produce fertile offspring
9. How do you know if a new
species has formed?
ANSWER:
A new species forms if…
1) they cannot mate
2) offspring die early
3) offspring don’t develop
4) sterile offspring are produced
10. What is speciation?
ANSWER:
To form a new species
11. Describe three types of isolation mechanisms
that lead to speciation. Be able to recognize
examples of each.
ANSWER:
a.Geographical isolation =
a physical barrier separating a group of
organisms
b.Behavioral isolation =
organisms do not recognize mating
signals or rituals
11. Describe three types of isolation mechanisms
that lead to speciation. Be able to recognize
examples of each.
ANSWER:
c.Temporal isolation =
mating occurs at different times (ex:
different seasons or times of the day)
d.Hybrid Sterility =
the offspring from 2 different organisms
are sterile & unable to mate
12. Name and describe the two
hypotheses behind the rate of
evolution/speciation
ANSWER:
a. Gradualism =
small, slow changes occur over time
b. Punctuated equilibrium =
short bursts of change are interrupted by
period of no change
13. Name and describe the 3 types of natural selection.
What type of selection reduces variation in a population?
Leads to rapid evolution? Has no intermediate form? [Be
able to recognize graphs and written examples]
a. Two extreme forms of a trait are favored in the
environment & this can lead to the evolution of two
species =
Disruptive selection
b. The average form of the trait is favored in the
environment & this reduces variation in organisms =
Stabilizing selection
c. One extreme form of a trait is favored in the environment
& this can lead to the evolution of a new species =
Directional Selection
14. What is taxonomy?
ANSWER:
Science that organizes and names
organisms
15. Name all the levels of
classification for modern humans.
1) Domain Eukarya
2) Kingdom Animalia
3) Phylum Chordata
4) Class Mammalia
5) Order Primate
6) Family Hominidae
7) Genus Homo
8) Species sapien
16. What do you call the two-word
naming system that is used to give
organisms scientific names?
ANSWER:
Binomial Nomenclature
17. Why is Latin used when naming
organisms?
ANSWER:
It is a language that doesn’t change and is
the same all over the world
18. What are the four rules you
must follow when naming an
organisms scientifically?
ANSWER:
1) Use 2 words: genus and species
2) 1st letters of 1st word is capitalized
3) All other letters are lowercase
4) Entire name must be underlined
19. What are hominids?
ANSWER:
Hominid = primate that walks upright on two
legs/feet
20. For each characteristic of hominids,
DESCRIBE what each means and how each
characteristic is an evolutionary advantage.
ANSWER:
a. Bipedal movement =
ability to walk on 2 legs/feet
Advantage: frees hands and easier to move
b. Binocular vision =
two eyes at the front of the head
Advantage: helps to see 3-D and distances
20. For each characteristic of hominids,
DESCRIBE what each means and how each
characteristic is an evolutionary advantage.
c. Opposable thumbs =
free rotating digit that easily touches all other
digits
Advantage: more precise grip and can bring
food to mouth
d. Dental formula =
variety/different teeth
Advantage: more variety/choices in the diet
21. Identify the correct hominid
ancestor to the description.
a.Homo neanderthalensis =
alive ~200,000 years ago with very thick,
heavy bones; very skilled hunters & the
first to have religion but are not
considered direct ancestors to modern
humans
b.Homo habilis =
was the first to make and use tools;
name means the “handy man.”
21. Identify the correct hominid
ancestor to the description.
c. Homo sapien sapien =
scientific name for modern humans
d. Australopithecus afarensis =
was one of the first (and oldest) found
human ancestors; name means the
“southern ape”
21. Identify the correct hominid
ancestor to the description.
e. Homo erectus =
used fire, lived in caves and were the first
to leave Africa; their name means the
“upright man.”
f. Homo sapien (Cro – magnon) =
was alive approximately ~100,000 years
ago; made cave paintings & was the first
with spoken language