Download LabReviewS13 Labs1-6-2

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Lab Review
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BIG IDEA 1: EVOLUTION
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Lab 1: Artificial Selection
 Concepts:
Natural selection = differential reproduction
in a population
 Populations change over time  evolution
 Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection

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Lab 1: Artificial Selection
 Description:
Use Wisconsin Fast Plants to perform
artificial selection
 Identify traits and variations in traits
 Cross-pollinate (top 10%) for selected trait
 Collect data for 2 generations (P and F1)

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Sample Histogram of a Population
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Lab 1: Artificial Selection
Analysis & Results:
 Calculate mean, median, standard deviation,
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range
Are the 2 populations before and after selection
(P and F1) actually different?
Are the 2 sub-populations of F1 (hairy vs. nonhairy) different?
Are the means statistically different?
A T-test could be used to determine if 2 sets of
data are statistically different from each other
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Concepts:
Evolution = change in frequency of alleles
in a population from generation to
generation
 Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

 Allele Frequencies (p + q = 1)
 Genotypic Frequencies (p2+2pq+q2 = 1)
 Conditions:
1.
2.
3.
4.
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5.
large population
random mating
no mutations
no natural selection
no migration
Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Description:
Generate mathematical models and
computer simulations to see how a
hypothetical gene pool changes from one
generation to the next
 Use Microsoft Excel spreadsheet

 p = frequency of A allele
 q = frequency of B allele
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Setting up Excel spreadsheet
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Sample Results
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
Analysis & Results:
 Null model: in the absence of random events
that affect populations, allele frequencies
(p,q) should be the same from generation to
generation (H-W equilibrium)
 Analyze genetic drift and the effect of
selection on a given population
 Manipulate parameters in model:
 Population size, selection (fitness),
mutation, migration, genetic drift
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Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling:
Hardy-Weinberg
 Real-life applications:
Cystic fibrosis, polydactyly
 Heterozygote advantage (Sickle-Cell
Anemia)

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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Concepts:
Bioinformatics: combines statistics, math
modeling, computer science to analyze
biological data
 Genomes can be compared to detect genetic
similarities and differences
 BLAST = Basic Local Alignment Search Tool
 Input gene sequence of interest
 Search genomic libraries for identical or
similar sequences

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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Description:
Use BLAST to compare several genes
 Use information to construct a cladogram
(phylogenetic tree)
 Cladogram = visualization of evolutionary
relatedness of species

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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Use this data to construct a cladogram
of the major plant groups
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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Fossil specimen in China
 DNA was extracted from preserved tissue
 Sequences from 4 genes were analyzed using BLAST
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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
 Analysis & Results:
BLAST results: the higher the score, the
closer the alignment
 The more similar the genes, the more
recent their common ancestor  located
closer on the cladogram

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Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using
BLAST  Evolutionary Relationships
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BIG IDEA 2: CELLULAR
PROCESSES: ENERGY AND
COMMUNICATION
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
 Concepts:
Selectively permeable membrane
 Diffusion (high  low concentration)
 Osmosis (aquaporins)
 Water potential ()

  = pressure potential (P) + solute potential (S)

Solutions:
 Hypertonic
 hypotonic
 isotonic
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
 Description:
Surface area and cell size vs. rate of
diffusion
 Cell modeling: dialysis tubing + various
solutions (distilled water, sucrose, salt,
glucose, protein)
 Identify concentrations of sucrose solution
and solute concentration of potato cores
 Observe osmosis in onion cells (effect of
salt water)

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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
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Potato Cores in Different Concentrations of
Sucrose
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Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis
 Conclusions
Water moves from high water potential ( )
(hypotonic=low solute) to low water potential
() (hypertonic=high solute)
 Solute concentration & size of molecule
affect movement across selectively
permeable membrane

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Lab 5: Photosynthesis
 Concepts:
Photosynthesis
 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light  C6H12O6 + 6O2
 Ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis:
 Production of oxygen (O2)
 Consumption of carbon dioxide (CO2)

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Lab 5: Photosynthesis
 Description:
Paper chromatography to identify pigments
 Floating disk technique
 Leaf disks float in water
 Gases can be drawn from out from leaf using
syringe  leaf sinks
 Photosynthesis  O2 produced  bubbles form
on leaf  leaf disk rises
 Measure rate of photosynthesis by O2 production
 Factors tested: types of plants, light intensity, colors
of leaves, pH of solutions

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Plant Pigments & Chromatography
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Floating Disk Technique
Lab 5: Photosynthesis
 Concepts:
photosynthesis
 Photosystems II, I
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 H2O split, ATP, NADPH

chlorophylls & other
plant pigments
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chlorophyll a
chlorophyll b
xanthophylls
carotenoids
experimental design
 control vs. experimental
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
 Concepts:
Respiration
 Measure rate of respiration by:
 O2 consumption
 CO2 production

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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
 Description:
Use respirometer
 Measure rate of respiration (O2 consumption)
in various seeds
 Factors tested:
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 Non-germinating seeds
 Germinating seeds
 Effect of temperature
 Surface area of seeds
 Types of seeds
 Plants vs. animals
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
 Conclusions:
temp = respiration
 germination = respiration
 Animal respiration > plant respiration
  surface area =  respiration

Calculate Rate
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Lab 6: Cellular Respiration
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Any Questions??
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