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AP Biology Lab Review AP Biology BIG IDEA 1: EVOLUTION AP Biology Lab 1: Artificial Selection Concepts: Natural selection = differential reproduction in a population Populations change over time evolution Natural Selection vs. Artificial Selection AP Biology Lab 1: Artificial Selection Description: Use Wisconsin Fast Plants to perform artificial selection Identify traits and variations in traits Cross-pollinate (top 10%) for selected trait Collect data for 2 generations (P and F1) AP Biology Sample Histogram of a Population AP Biology Lab 1: Artificial Selection Analysis & Results: Calculate mean, median, standard deviation, range Are the 2 populations before and after selection (P and F1) actually different? Are the 2 sub-populations of F1 (hairy vs. nonhairy) different? Are the means statistically different? A T-test could be used to determine if 2 sets of data are statistically different from each other AP Biology Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Concepts: Evolution = change in frequency of alleles in a population from generation to generation Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium Allele Frequencies (p + q = 1) Genotypic Frequencies (p2+2pq+q2 = 1) Conditions: 1. 2. 3. 4. AP Biology 5. large population random mating no mutations no natural selection no migration Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Description: Generate mathematical models and computer simulations to see how a hypothetical gene pool changes from one generation to the next Use Microsoft Excel spreadsheet p = frequency of A allele q = frequency of B allele AP Biology Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg AP Biology Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Setting up Excel spreadsheet AP Biology Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Sample Results AP Biology Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Analysis & Results: Null model: in the absence of random events that affect populations, allele frequencies (p,q) should be the same from generation to generation (H-W equilibrium) Analyze genetic drift and the effect of selection on a given population Manipulate parameters in model: Population size, selection (fitness), mutation, migration, genetic drift AP Biology Lab 2: Mathematical Modeling: Hardy-Weinberg Real-life applications: Cystic fibrosis, polydactyly Heterozygote advantage (Sickle-Cell Anemia) AP Biology Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST Evolutionary Relationships Concepts: Bioinformatics: combines statistics, math modeling, computer science to analyze biological data Genomes can be compared to detect genetic similarities and differences BLAST = Basic Local Alignment Search Tool Input gene sequence of interest Search genomic libraries for identical or similar sequences AP Biology Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST Evolutionary Relationships Description: Use BLAST to compare several genes Use information to construct a cladogram (phylogenetic tree) Cladogram = visualization of evolutionary relatedness of species AP Biology Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST Evolutionary Relationships AP Biology Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST Evolutionary Relationships Use this data to construct a cladogram of the major plant groups AP Biology Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST Evolutionary Relationships Fossil specimen in China DNA was extracted from preserved tissue Sequences from 4 genes were analyzed using BLAST AP Biology Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST Evolutionary Relationships AP Biology Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST Evolutionary Relationships Analysis & Results: BLAST results: the higher the score, the closer the alignment The more similar the genes, the more recent their common ancestor located closer on the cladogram AP Biology Lab 3: Comparing DNA Sequences using BLAST Evolutionary Relationships AP Biology BIG IDEA 2: CELLULAR PROCESSES: ENERGY AND COMMUNICATION AP Biology Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis Concepts: Selectively permeable membrane Diffusion (high low concentration) Osmosis (aquaporins) Water potential () = pressure potential (P) + solute potential (S) Solutions: Hypertonic hypotonic isotonic AP Biology Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis AP Biology Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis Description: Surface area and cell size vs. rate of diffusion Cell modeling: dialysis tubing + various solutions (distilled water, sucrose, salt, glucose, protein) Identify concentrations of sucrose solution and solute concentration of potato cores Observe osmosis in onion cells (effect of salt water) AP Biology Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis AP Biology Potato Cores in Different Concentrations of Sucrose AP Biology Lab 4: Diffusion & Osmosis Conclusions Water moves from high water potential ( ) (hypotonic=low solute) to low water potential () (hypertonic=high solute) Solute concentration & size of molecule affect movement across selectively permeable membrane AP Biology AP Biology Lab 5: Photosynthesis Concepts: Photosynthesis 6H2O + 6CO2 + Light C6H12O6 + 6O2 Ways to measure the rate of photosynthesis: Production of oxygen (O2) Consumption of carbon dioxide (CO2) AP Biology Lab 5: Photosynthesis Description: Paper chromatography to identify pigments Floating disk technique Leaf disks float in water Gases can be drawn from out from leaf using syringe leaf sinks Photosynthesis O2 produced bubbles form on leaf leaf disk rises Measure rate of photosynthesis by O2 production Factors tested: types of plants, light intensity, colors of leaves, pH of solutions AP Biology Plant Pigments & Chromatography AP Biology Floating Disk Technique Lab 5: Photosynthesis Concepts: photosynthesis Photosystems II, I H2O split, ATP, NADPH chlorophylls & other plant pigments chlorophyll a chlorophyll b xanthophylls carotenoids experimental design control vs. experimental AP Biology AP Biology Lab 6: Cellular Respiration Concepts: Respiration Measure rate of respiration by: O2 consumption CO2 production AP Biology Lab 6: Cellular Respiration Description: Use respirometer Measure rate of respiration (O2 consumption) in various seeds Factors tested: Non-germinating seeds Germinating seeds Effect of temperature Surface area of seeds Types of seeds Plants vs. animals AP Biology AP Biology Lab 6: Cellular Respiration AP Biology Lab 6: Cellular Respiration AP Biology Lab 6: Cellular Respiration Conclusions: temp = respiration germination = respiration Animal respiration > plant respiration surface area = respiration Calculate Rate AP Biology Lab 6: Cellular Respiration AP Biology AP Biology AP Biology AP Biology Any Questions?? 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