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Cortical vs. subcortical loops Lateral inhibition in striatum Switching from one action to another Direct and indirect pathways Hyperdirect pathway Lesions that cause hemiballism Direct pathway Indirect pathways Loops through the basal ganglia Circuit name Basal ganglia regions: Connected with: Functions to control: Skeletomotor Putamen; GPi, and SNpr VL/VA; motor cortex, prefrontal cortex Actions Oculomotor Body of the caudate, SNpr Intralaminar nuclei, MD, Gaze and orienting VA; frontal and parietal eye movements fields; superior colliculus Dorsolateral prefrontal Head of the caudate, GPi and SNpr VA, VL and MD; Executive function, strategic planning Orbitofrontal Caudate, SNpr, ventral pallidum MD; orbitofrontal cortex Motivation, ability to play well with others Anterior cingulate aka limbic Ventral striatum, ventral pallidum MD; anterior cingulum Emotionality, motivated behavior