Download The Communist Manifesto

1. Reform
• The improvement or amendment of what
is wrong or corrupt
2. Retro
• to do again
3. Revolution
• rapid change
4. Empire
• an extended area under central control
5. Civilization
• A complex culture in which large numbers
of people share basic elements, such as a
social structure, religion, and art.
6. Morals
• Concerned with the principles and rules of
right conduct or the distinction between
right and wrong.
7. Ethical
• Being in accordance with the rules or
standards for right conduct or practice.
This is similar to morals.
8. Analyze
• To examine critically, so as to bring out the
essential elements or give the essence of.
9. Rule of Law
• A state of order in which events conform to
the law. All are equal under the law.
10. Principles
• A fundamental, primary, or general law or
truth from which others are derived.
11. Philosophy
• An organized system of thought. The term
comes from the Greek word meaning “love
of wisdom.”
12. Human Nature
• The psychological and social qualities that
characterize humankind. Is man
essentially good or bad?
13. Constitution
• The system of fundamental principles
according to which a nation, state,
corporation, or the like, is governed.
14. Aristotle
• One of the great Greek philosophers,
Aristotle focused on analyzing and
classifying things based on observation
and investigation. He was a student of
Plato.
15.Relate
• To bring into or establish association,
connection, or relation
16. Political System
• The arrangement, organization of a nation,
city, or institution into levels, practices, and
power structure, e.g. democracy, republic,
monarchy, totalitarianism, and etc.
17. Plato
• Student of Socrates, he felt the ideal state
should have an upper class of
philosophers and kings, and second of
warriors, and last the common people. He
wrote the Republic.
18. System
• a coordinated body of methods or a
scheme or plan of procedure;
organizational scheme:
19. Judeo-Christian
• of or pertaining to the religious writings,
beliefs, values, or traditions held in
common by Judaism and Christianity.
20. illegitimate
• unlawful; illegal
21. Liberty
• freedom from control, interference,
obligation, restriction, hampering
conditions, etc.; power or right of doing,
thinking, speaking, etc., according to
choice.
22. Contrast
• to compare in order to show unlikeness or
differences; note the opposite natures,
purposes, etc.,
23. Montesquieu
• He used the scientific method to make a
close study of governments. In a way, he
was the first political scientist. Separation
of powers into different branches
24. Ideology
• the body of doctrine, myth, belief, etc., that
guides an individual, social movement,
institution, class, or large group, e.g.
liberal, conservative
25. Individual
• a single human being, as distinguished
from a group.
26. Rousseau
• He thought up the idea so a social
contract, which was an agreement among
the whole society that would be governed
by the general will.
27. Enduring
• lasting; permanent
28. Machiavelli
• 1469-1527, he wrote the Prince. It was a
practical handbook on how a ruler stays in
power.
29. Nation-State
• a sovereign state inhabited by a relatively
homogeneous group of people who share
a feeling of common nationality.
30. Madison
• The 4th president of the United States.
One of the influential leaders along with
Thomas Jefferson.
31. Expectation
• the act or state of looking forward or
anticipating.
32. Citizen
• a native or naturalized member of a state
or nation who owes allegiance to its
government and is entitled to its protection
33. Monarchy
• supreme power or sovereignty held by a
single person. e.g. king
34. Bolivar
• He and Jose de San Martin were
members of the Creole elite and were
hailed as the “Liberators of South
America”.
35. Jefferson
• The 3rd President of the United States.
Drafted the Declaration of Independence.
36.Bison
• Mistakenly called buffalo. They once
roamed the Great Plains in the millions.
They were killed by European settlers to
eliminate the Native Americans.
37. English Bill of Rights
• It set forth Parliaments right to make laws
and levy taxes. The Bill of rights helped
create a system of government based on
law and a freely elected Parliament.
38. Magna Carta
• In 1215, it was the British document
stating that the king must obey and
respect the law.
39. Declaration of Independence
• 1776 document written by Thomas
Jefferson. It was influenced by John
Locke. It explains the break between the
colonial government and England.
40. Constitutional Monarchy
• A monarchy that is limited by laws and a
constitution.
41. Congress of Vienna
• They met to undo the changes during the
French Revolution. They believed that the
French Revolution was too liberal.
42. Patriarchal
• A society, including Mesopotamia, which
was dominated by men.
43. King Solomon
• He ruled from about 970 B.C. This great
king expanded the government and army
and encouraged trade.
44. Israel
• After King Solomon's death, the empire
split into two kingdoms, _____ and Judah.
45. Judah
• After King Solomon's death, the empire
split into two kingdoms, Israel and
_________.
46. Judaism
• Monotheistic religion developed among
the Israelites
47. Monotheistic
• They believe in one God, not many.
48. Prophets
• God used religious teachers as a voice to
speak to his people.
49. Confucius
• A philosopher who lived in the sixth
century B.C. He traveled the length of
China, observing society and seeking
employment as a political counselor. He
never received a political appointment, but
became a teacher to hundreds of
students.
50. Tyrants
• Ruler who seizes power by force and not
objects to the law.
51. Democracy
• "The rule of many", government by the
people, either directly or through their
elected representatives.
52. Oligarchy
• "The rule of the few", a form of
government in which a small group of
people exercises control.
53. Socratic Method
• Teaching method which uses a questionand-answer format to lead pupils to see
things for themselves.
54. Republic
• A form of government in which the leader
is not a monarch and certain citizens have
the right to vote.
55. Christianity
• It became the official religion of the Roman
Empire along with the Catholic Church
which was organized to reflect Roman
institutions. It began in Palestine about 32
AD.
56. Jesus
• A Jewish prophet that traveled and
preached throughout Judea and
neighboring Galilee.
57. Nero
• Emperor who reigned from A.D. 54 to 68,
that persecuted Christians blaming them
for the fire that destroyed a great part of
Rome.
58. Islam
• Religion in the Arabian Peninsula which
means "submission to Allah“ founded by
the prophet Muhammad in 610
59. Muhammad
• Often called the prophet, born on 570 in
Mecca founded Islam
60. Feudalism
• Economic system based on land, tribute,
and protection in the Middle Ages in
Europe
61. Reaction
• Response to any stimulus
62. Renaissance
• Based on the rebirth of the culture of the
Greeks and Romans, which began in Italy
in 1350
63. Protestant Reformation
• In the sixteenth century, a religious
movement that broke away from the
Catholic. They tried to reform Christianity.
They were lead by Martin Luther
64. Martin Luther
• His refusal to renounce his ideas on the
basis of his conscience began the
Protestant Reformation 1520
65. Divine Rights of Kings
• Belief that the authority of monarchs
comes from God
66. Elizabeth I
• She is the daughter of Henry VIII and she
reigned from 1558-1603. Bad Ass
67. Puritans
• They were Calvinist who wanted to purify
the Anglican church. They thought that
individual worshippers should focus on
spiritual things at church, rather than
indulge in their senses with organ music,
stained glass, and incense.
68. Charles I
• He is the son of James I. they believed
they should be able to operate without any
restrain from Parliament to spend money
as they wanted, to build fine buildings, or
make alliances abroad if they felt like it.
69. Oliver Cromwell
• A military genius who knew how to use
new tactics and discipline. He helped
Parliament win during the English
Revolution. He was part of the
Roundheads.
70. John Locke
• He believed that before society was
organized, human beings lived in a state
of equality and freedom. In this state of
nature, humans have certain natural
rights.
71. Natural Rights
• Rights that people are born with.
72. Isaac Newton
• His discoveries in math (calculus) and
astronomy showed evidence that physical
universe followed regular laws
73. Legislature
• Law making body of government.
74. Separation of Powers
• The executive, legislative, and judiciary
placed limits and controls on each other.
By preventing one group from having too
much power, and by crating a system of
checks and balances, the English had
created the most freedom and security to
the nation.
75. Laissez-faire
• Meaning “to let (people) do (what they
want).” It is an economic system based on
the free market (capitalism) and little
government intervention.
76. Adam Smith
• laissez-faire, 1776 in his famous work
“The Wealth of Nations”. He argued that
the government had only three basic roles:
protecting society from invasion (the
army); keeping up certain publics works,
such as road and canals, that private
individuals could not afford; and defending
citizens from injustice (the police)
77. Colonies
• These are distant settlements outside the
homeland that are part on an empire,
example Spain and New Spain (Mexico)
78. Stamp Act
• . In 1765, this act required that certain
printed materials, such as legal documents
and newspapers, carry a stamp showing
that a tax had been paid to Britain.
Opposition was widespread and often
violent and the act was repealed in 1776.
79. King George III
• When he heard about the Boston Tea
Party, he ordered Parliament to pass
Coercive Acts to punish Massachusetts.
He was king of England during the
American Revolution. Some claim he was
crazy.
80. Yorktown
• In 1781, the British decided to end the war
with the colonies in this town.
81. Articles of Confederation
• The nation’s first constitution. It was
replaced by the Constitution.
82. Federal System
• A system in which power would be shared
between the national government and the
state governments.
83. Bill of Rights
• The first 10 amendments to the
Constitution.
84. Bourgeoisie
• The middle class
85. Declaration of the Rights of a
Man and the Citizen
• In 1789, this French document stated that
all men were free and equal under the law,
that appointment to public office is based
on talent, and that no group is exempt
from taxation.
86. San-culottes
• Ordinary patriots without fine clothes. They
wore long trousers, not the knee-length
breeches of the nobles.
87. Factions
• groups
88. Jacobins
• A network of national politic clubs They
were radicals. They wanted the king
executed.
89. Maximilien Robespierre
• He dominated the Committee of Public
Safety. He was a radical who wanted the
king dead. He was later executed himself.
90. Reign of Terror
• France was threatened from external and
domestic. France was paranoid because
they thought the other monarchs would
invade France. Between 1793-1794
91. Coup d'etat
• A sudden overthrow of the government
92. Napoleon Bonaparte
• He dominated French and European
history from 1799 to 1815. His great
military exploits, rapid rise to fame, and
tragic end have made him a legend
93. Corsica
• The birthplace of Napoleon Bonaparte.
94. Nationalism
• The sense of pride in a people’s language,
culture, or country.
95. Moscow
• When the Grand Army finally reached this
city, they found that it had been set on fire.
It is the capital of Russia.
96. Elba
• Napoleon was sent into exile on this island
97. Waterloo
• On June 18, 1815, Napoleon suffered a
bloody defeat at this place in Belgium. It
was the end for Napoleon
98. Duke of Wellington
• Leader of English Army on June 18, 1815
that defeated the French Army and
Napoleon at Waterloo.
99. Enclosure Movement
• Land that was previously opened was
fenced in the IR
100. Capital
• new industrial machines and factories
101. Entrepreneurs
• They sought new business opportunities
and new ways of making profit.
102. James Watt
• He improved the steam engine in the
1760s. Then in 1782, he made changes
that allowed the steam engine to drive
machinery.
103. Robert Fulton
• He built the first paddle-wheeled
steamboat, the Clermont, in 1897.
104. Industrial Capitalism
• An economic system based on
manufacturing
105. Socialism
• An economic system in which society,
usually in the form of the government,
owns and controls parts of the economy,
such as factories and utilities.
106. Fredrick Engels
• Coauthor of the Communist Manifesto in
1848.
107. Klemens von Metternich
• Haughty foreign minister of Austria who
led the Congress of Vienna.
108. Conservatism
• A philosophy based on tradition and social
stability. It is the opposite of liberal.
109. Principle of Intervention
• It said that the Great Powers had the right
to send armies into countries where there
were revolutions in order to keep
monarchs in power.
110. Liberalism
• It held that people should be as free as
possible from government restraint. Yes to
change. Life is getting better. People are
born good.
111. Universal Male Suffrage
• All adult men can vote.
112. Louis-Napoleon
• He was elected president by a huge
margin in France, 1848
113. Alsace and Lorraine
• France had to pay 5 billion francs and give
up these two provinces. This loss left the
French burning for revenge. It is an area
between France and Germany.
114. Kaiser
• German (Prussian) Emperor
115. Plebiscite
• An election in which people can vote only
yes or no to a proposition.
116. Czar Alexander II
• He realized that Russia was falling
hopelessly behind the western European
powers and decided to make serious
reforms in 1856
117. Emancipation
• The act of setting free.
118. Abolitionism
• A movement to end slavery.
119. Secede
• To withdraw
120. Romanticism
• This movement emerged at the end of the
eighteenth century as a reaction against
the Enlightenment. During this period, art
and literature followed classicism. The
emphasis was emotions and nature.
121. Ludwig van Beethoven
• One of the most famous composers in the
era of Romanticism of the 19th century
122. Louis Pasteur
• The Frenchman proposed the germ theory
of disease, which was crucial to the
development of modern scientific medical
practices.
123. Secularization
• Indifference to or rejection of religion in the
affairs of the world.
124. Charles Darwin
• He created the concept of humans as
beings who were part of the natural world.
In 1859, he published On the Origin of
Species by Means of Natural Selection.
125. Natural Selection
• Those that are able to survive (“survival of
the fittest”) reproduce and thrive, while the
unfit do not.
126. Realism
• The people of this era rejected
Romanticism. They wanted to write about
ordinary characters from actual life rather
than romantic heroes in exotic settings.
127. Charles Dickens
• In Great Britain, he became a huge
success with novels that showed the
realities of life for the poor in the early
Industrial Age.
128. Thomas Edison
• The person who created the light bulb.
129. Alexander Graham Bell
• A revolution in communication began
when this person invented the telephone
in 1876.
130. Guglielmo Marconi
• This Italian person sent the first radio
waves across the Atlantic in 1901. He
sent the 1st wireless message.
131. Assembly Line
• A new manufacturing method pioneered
by Henry Ford in 1913. Each person is
responsible for one operation.
132. Mass Production
• To produce (to make) a large amount of a
good or service.
133. Karl Marx
• One of the most influential theorist of the
century. His socialist theory first came to
light when The Communist Manifesto was
published during the revolution of 1848.
134. Proletariat
• working class.
135. dictatorship
• A government of which a person or a small
group has absolute power.
136. Feminism
• The movement for women’s rights.
137. Florence Nightingale
• A British nurse. Her efforts during the
Crimean war (1853-1856), combined with
those of Clara Barton in the U.S. Civil War
(1861-1865), transformed nursing into a
profession of trained, middle-class
“women in white”.
138. Literacy
• The Ability to read.
139. Otto Von Bismarck
• He was appointed by William I. He was a
pragmatic and militaristic prime minister of
Germany.
140. William II
• Emperor from 1888 to 1918. By his reign,
Germany had become the strongest power
in Europe.
141. Nicholas II
• He came to the throne in Russia in 1894.
His grandfather was Alexander II. He was
the czar during WWI.
142. Queen Liliuokalani
• Queen of the Hawaiian islands during the
U.S. annexation.
143. Marie Curie
• She discovered that an element called
radium gave off energy, or radiation, that
apparently came from within the atom
itself.
144. Albert Einstein
• He published his theory of relativity in
1905. According to his theory, neither
space nor time has an existence
independent of human experience.
145. Sigmund Freud
• This doctor for Vienna argued that human
behavior is strongly determined by past
experiences and mental forces of which
people are largely unaware.
146. Psychoanalysis
• A method by which a therapist and a
patient could probe deeply into the
patient’s memory.
147. Social Darwinism
• Late nineteen century belief that evolution
not only works in the physical world but
also the human world w/ respect to races.
148. Modernism
• The period between 1870 and 1914 in
which many writers and artists rebelled
against the traditional literacy and artistic
stiles that had dominated European
culture life since the Renaissance.
149. New Imperialism
• The imperialism in the nineteenth century
in which Europeans sought nothing less
than direct control over vast territories,
mainly in Africa because of the search for
raw material and new markets.
150. Protectorate
• A political unit that depends on another
government for its protection.
151. Commodore George Dewey
• United states naval forces were under his
command and defeated the Spanish fleet
in Manila Bay in 1898.
152. Emilio Aguinaldo
• He was the leader of a movement for
independence in the Philippines. Against
Spanish then the Americans.
153. Indirect Rule
• Local rulers were allowed to maintain their
authority and status.
154. Direct Rule
• This is a colonial type of gov’t in which the
imperialist rather than the local gov’t
makes key decisions
155. Muhammad Ali
• He is an officer of the Ottoman army. In
1805, he seized power and established a
separate Egyptian state.
156. Annexed
• Incorporate a country within a state; to add
157. David Livingstone
• One of the first explorers who trekked
through the uncharted regions of Africa.
158. Henry Stanley
• The New York Herald hired this journalist
to find the missing Livingstone in Africa.
159. Indigenous
• Native to a region.
160. Zulu
• The Boers battled this indigenous group in
South Africa in the late 1800’s
161. Sepoys
• Indian soldiers in the British Army.
162. Viceroy
• . A governor who ruled as a representative
for the monarch.
163. Mohandas Gandhi
• An Indian who was very active in the
independence movement for India from
colonial Britain.
164. Creoles
• Descendants of Europeans born in Latin
America and lived there permanently.
165. Peninsulares
• Spanish and Portuguese officials who
resided temporarily in Latin America for
political and economic gain and then
returned to their mother countries.
166. Mestizos
• People of European and Native American
descent.
167. Jose de San Martin
• He and Simon Bolivar were members of
the creole elite and were hailed as the
“Liberators of South America” of the U.S.
168. Pancho Villa
• Mexican revolutionary in northern Mexico.
Was he villain or a true revolutionary?
169. Monroe Doctrine
• It declared that the American continents
were “henceforth not to be considered as
subjects for future colonization by any
European powers” in 1823.
170. Caudillos
• Soon after Independence, this group
gained control. They ruled chiefly by
military force and were usually supported
by the landed elites.
171. Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna
• He was often in power in Mexico between
1833 to 1855. He misused state funds,
halted reforms, created chaos, and lost
half of Mexico’s land.
172. Benito Juarez
• Santa Anna’s disastrous rule was followed
by his era of reform from 1855 to 1876. He
dominated the era and instituted many
reforms that helped Mexico’s poorest
citizens.
173. Puerto Rico
• This island was annexed into the United
States after the Spanish American War of
1898.
174. Panama Canal
• It was built along a strip of land 10 miles
wide running from coast to coast in
Panama,
175. Hong Kong
• It was given to the British, along with 5
open coastal ports to British trade, limited
taxes on imported British goods, and pay
for the costs of war as part of the Treaty of
Nanjing. It was returned to China in 1997.
176. Hong Xiuquan
• He was a Christian convert who viewed
himself as a younger brother of Jesus
Christ.
177. "self-strengthening"
• Where the Qing court wanted China to
adopt Western technology, but to keep its
Confucian values.
178. Spheres of Influence
• Areas in China that foreign nations had
exclusive trading rights in early 1900s.
179. Open Door Policy
• This was a proposal which ensured equal
access to the Chinese market for all
nations and preserved the unity of the
Chinese.
180. Indemnity
• This was the payments for damages done.
It is also known as reparations.
181. Provincial
• Or local.
182. Sun Yat-sen
• Formed the Revive China Society, “father”
of modern China
183. Commodities
• Marketable products such as oil, copper,
salt, tea, and porcelain.
184. Matthew Perry
• After the United States succeeded with
Japan, this Commodore arrived in Edo
Bay to “bring a singular and isolated
people into the family of civilized nations.”
185. Concessions
• Political compromises.
186. Triple Alliance
• This alliance, formed in 1882, consisted of
Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy
(Central Powers)
187. Triple Entente
• The WWI alliance of France, Great Britain,
and Russia in 1907. It becomes the Allies
during WWl
188. Conscription
• A military draft.
189. Archduke Francis Ferdinand
• The heir to the throne of Austria-Hungary.
He was assasinated by Princip on June
28, 1914.
190. Gavrilo Princip
• A 19-year old Bosnian Serb, succeeded in
fatally shooting both the archduke and his
wife.
191. Emperor William II
• Emperor of Germany during WWl
192. Czar Nicholas II
• He ordered partial mobilization of the
Russian army against Austria-Hungary.
193. Mobilization
• The process of assembling troops and
supplies and making them ready for war.
194. General Alfred von Schlieffen
• The German WWI strategy of attacking
France through neutral Belgium.
195. Propaganda
• Ideas spread to influence public opinion
for or against a cause.
196. Trench Warfare
• A type of warfare that involves ditches
protected by barbed wire.
197. War of Attrition
• A conflict based on wearing the other side
down by constant attacks and heavy
losses.
198. Lawrence of Arabia
• A British officer who urged Arab princes to
revolt against their Ottoman overlords in
1917
199. Admiral Holtzedorf
• This German admiral assured the emperor
that “not one American will land on the
continent.”
200. Total War
• This involves a complete mobilization of
resources and people.
201. Planned Economies
• These systems are directed by
government agencies.
202. Woodrow Wilson
• United States president during WWI
203. Alexandra
• Czar Nicholas II’s German-born wife.
204. Grigori Rasputin
• He was an uneducated Siberian peasant
who claimed to be a holy man.
205. Alexander Kerensky
• He and the provisional government
decided to remain in the war to preserve
Russia’s honor
206. Soviets
• They were councils composed of
representatives from the workers and
soldiers.
207. Bolsheviks
• They began as a small faction of a Marxist
party called the Russian Social Democrats
208. V.I. Lenin
• The Bolsheviks were under his leadership.
209. Leon Trotsky
• Thanks to him, the Red Army was a welldisciplined fighting force and he reinstated
the draft and emphasized a rigid discipline
he lost a power struggle with Stalin after
Lenin’s death.
210. War Communism
• This meant government control of banks
and most of the industries.
211. Erich von Ludendorff
• He guided the German military operations
and decided a grand offensive in the west
to break the military stalemate
212. Armistice
• This is a truce or an agreement to stop the
fighting.
213. David Lloyd George
• He was the prime minister of Great Britain
who won a decisive victory in the elections
of December of 1918.
214. Georges Clemenceau
• He was the premier of France.
215. Reparations
• To cover the cost of a war during WWI.
216. Mandates
• This gave a nation the right to govern
another nation on behalf of the League of
Nations.