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LEVELS OF CELLULAR ORGANIZATION and BODY SYSTEMS Reproduction, Respiratory, Circulatory, Digestion and Excretory VOCABULARY Student copy Completed copy BIG LEVELS OF CELLULAR ORGANIZATION ORGAN SYSTEM: Two or more organs working together to perform a specific function/job for the organism ORGANS: Tissues work together to perform a specific activity TISSUES: Similar cells working together to do the same functions/jobs. SMALL CELLS WHAT IS TISSUE? When referring to the body, tissue is a group of similar cells performing the same or similar function. ORGANS & ORGAN SYSTEMS Organ is a group of similar tissues that perform a similar, specific, and often complex function. Types of Organs Heart, Liver, Kidneys, Brain, Stomach, etc. An organ system is a group of organs that work together to perform a major function. The human body has over 9 different major organ systems: Nervous, Circulatory, Respiratory, Digestive, Excretory, Immune, Muscular, Skeletal, & Endocrine. Major Organ Systems Circulatory System: distribution system of the body; delivers blood, water, & other necessary nutrients to the parts of the body where they are needed. Digestive System: body system responsible for the breakdown & absorption of nutrients and minerals in food & drink. Endocrine System: body system that controls & regulates certain chemically controlled processes in the body. Example: Bone growth & hormone release during puberty Excretory System: body system that removes waste from the body Immune System: body system that fights off foreign invaders, infections, & disease. Muscular System: body system responsible for movement. Nervous System: body system that processes external & internal stimuli & controls the body responses as well as other bodily functions. ORGAN SYSTEMS- CONTINUED Respiratory System: body system responsible for the gas exchange process; inhalation of oxygen and exhalation of carbon dioxide. Skeletal System: body system provides a framework for the body; provides protection to internal organs; also works in conjunction with the Muscular System to provide movement. Often more than 1 Organ System works together to accomplish a given task. Examples: Waste removal: Digestive, Excretory & Circulatory Breathing: Respiratory & Circulatory. Movement: Skeletal & Muscular HOMEOSTASIS All the systems of the body work together to maintain homeostasis. Homeostasis is the process by which an organism’s internal environment is kept stable in spite of changes in the external environment. MAINTAINING HOMEOSTASIS When you are too warm, you sweat. Sweating helps to cool your body. When you are cold, you shiver. Shivering occurs when your muscles rapidly contract and relax. This action produces heat that helps keep you warm. HOW DOES OUR BODY WORK TOGETHER TO CIRCULATE BLOOD? CIRCULATORY SYSTEM The HEART (Organ) HEART TISSUES HEART CELLS Organelles REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM AND HUMAN GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT FUNCTION OF REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM • • • • • To ensure survival of the species To produce egg and sperm cells To transport and sustain these cells To nurture the developing offspring To produce hormones Other systems strive to maintain a state of homeostasis. The Female Reproductive System In females all the reproductive organs are found inside the body Ovary - the primary female reproductive organ that produces eggs. Fallopian Tubes - eggs travel through these to reach the womb. Uterus- a hollow, muscular organ in which the fertilized egg develops Notes: Females are born with all the eggs they will need – females do not produce more eggs in adolescence. The ovaries (along with producing eggs) produce the female hormones estrogen and progesterone which trigger the development of female characteristics – broadening of the hips, development of breasts, body hair, menstruation, etc. THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM In males some of the reproductive organs are inside the body and some are external. Testes - the primary male reproductive organ that produces sperm. Notes: At puberty, males begin producing sperm and they will continue to do this all their life. The testes (along with producing sperm) produce the male hormone Testosterone which triggers the development of male characteristics – facial and body hair, muscle development, deepening of the voice, spermatogenesis, etc. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS Infertility - not being able to conceive (have a child) after a year of trying. Prostate Cancer - a disease in which cancer cells grow in the prostate. The prostate is a gland that surrounds the urethra, the tube that carries urine out of the body. The prostate is only found in men. Ovarian cancer - a disease in which cancer cells grow in the ovaries. The ovaries are a pair of organs in the female pelvis that produce eggs and female hormones. REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM – GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT Stages of Growth and Development : a. Zygote b. Embryo c. Fetus d. Infancy e. Childhood f. Adolescence g. Adulthood 3 STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT BEFORE BIRTH (TAKES 9 MONTHS) Zygote Single celled, fertilized egg Embryo From 2 cell stage to 8th week of pregnancy. Amniotic sac and placenta develop. Heart beats in rhythm, eyes & ears begin to form. Heart develops chambers at about 8th week. Fetus From 9th week of pregnancy to birth. Majority of development occurs during this stage. ZYGOTE AND EMBRYO Zygote Embryo •A zygote is a fertilized egg. •It is no larger than a period at the end of a sentence. •The fertilized egg is known as a zygote only until the 4th day; after that it is known as an embryo. •An embryo is a developing human. •A zygote becomes an embryo from about the 4th day of fertilization until about the 8th week. •Eyes and ears begin to form and the heart beats in a regular rhythm. FETUS FROM ABOUT THE NINTH WEEK OF DEVELOPMENT UNTIL BIRTH, THE DEVELOPING HUMAN IS KNOWN AS A FETUS. INFANCY Includes the first two years of life. The highest physical growth rate occurs in this stage. (– the baby grows rapidly in size, mental and muscular skills begin to develop.) The nervous and muscular systems become coordinated. By the end of two years a child can understand directions, feed themselves, walk, speak some words and play with toys. CHILDHOOD Occurs from about 2-13 years of age. Children become taller and heavier, and more coordinated. Children become more curious. Language skills improve rapidly. Mental abilities increase, memory is strengthened, muscular, language and learning skills develop. ADOLESCENCE / PUBERTY The stage of development which children become adults physically and mentally. Occurs between the ages of 13-20 Puberty, the stage of development which allows the body to be able to reproduce, occurs during these years. Menstruation starts in females and males begin to produce sperm. Children in this stage go through a rapid growth spurt and develop male and female characteristics. ADULTHOOD From 20- Death. Body systems are mature and full height and weight have been reached. The mental and emotional growth of adolescence continues after puberty ends. It is difficult to give an exact age of when adulthood begins since adults, like adolescents, continue to learn new things. After about age 30, the process known as aging begins. Between the ages of about 40 and 60 females go through menopause when they are no longer able to reproduce. Aging includes the skin becoming wrinkled, muscle strength decreases, eyes may lose their ability to focus on close objects and hair may lose its coloring. Older adults have learned a lot from their experiences, therefore tend to have a great deal of wisdom. DISORDER PROJECT PRESENTATIONS FOR EACH PRESENTATION: What is the disorder being presented? Who is presenting? (ALL NAMES) What are the positives of their presentation? What are the negatives of their presentation? Write three things you learned about this disorder. Rate the presentation from (1-5) 5 being the best what would you rate their presentation and why? VIDEO CLIP How Your Body Changes as You Grow 2 min. WARM UP On a piece of paper. Draw an outline of a body. Like this picture------------ Then fill in any organs, organ systems, or body parts you know. Turn in tray. THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY SYSTEM Provides oxygen to the body and eliminates carbon dioxide and excess water. Breathing: the movement of air into & out of the lungs. Respiration: Chemical reaction involving oxygen and glucose that results in the release of energy of fuel various cellular processes. FUN FACTS: Body uses only 5% of the oxygen you inhale with each breathe. Oxygen is carried throughout the body via circulatory system (arteries, veins, and capillaries). STRUCTURE Functions of the Organs in the Respiratory System nose / nasal cavity Lined with mucus to trap foreign particles It is warm, moist, & filters air as it is inhaled pharynx (throat) larynx passageway for air, leads to trachea the voice box, where vocal chords are located trachea (windpipe) keeps the windpipe "open" trachea is lined with mucus and fine hairs called cilia which filter and moisten the air as it enters the windpipe and before it reaches the lungs bronchi two branches at the end of the trachea, each lead to a lung. Divides into smaller and smaller tubes inside the lungs bronchioles a network of smaller branches leading from the bronchi into the lung tissue & ultimately to air sacs alveoli Diaphragm LUNGS Tiny hollow sacs of specialized lung tissue where oxygen is exchanged for carbon dioxide. Ex There are 300 million in the average adults lung for larger oxygen intake. Dome shaped muscle located at the base of the lungs Located on both sides of the heart. Elastic tissue that expands and contracts as you inhale and exhale. PATHWAY OF OXYGEN Body breathes in the air which is pulled through the nose or mouth and down through the trachea. The trachea is a pipe shaped by rings of cartilage. It divides into two tubes called bronchi. Bronchi carry air into each lung. PATHWAY OF OXYGEN Inside the lung, the tubes divide into smaller and smaller tubes called bronchioles. At the end of each of these tubes are small air sacs called alveoli. Capillaries, which are small blood vessels with thin walls, are wrapped around these alveoli. Capillary walls are so thin and close to each other that the air easily diffuses through. The 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Gas Exchange Process Carbon dioxide/Oxygen rich blood flows into capillaries surrounding the alveoli. Oxygen moves from the alveoli into the capillaries surrounding the alveoli. At the same time, Carbon dioxide moves from the capillaries into the alveoli replacing the Oxygen. The Oxygen rich blood is then carried through the arteries back to the heart. The Carbon dioxide is then expelled from the lungs as the lungs deflate. Breathing Inhalation Rib muscles contract lifting the chest wall up and out. (Volume of Lungs Increase) Diaphragm contracts & moves downward increasing the size of the chest cavity & decreasing the pressure within the cavity. The pressure of air is now higher than you chest forcing air into your chest cavity. Ex: Air being sucked into a vacuum cleaner. Exhalation Rib muscles relax lowering the chest wall. (Volume of Lungs Decrease) Diaphragm relaxes & moves upward forcing the lungs to flatten & carbon dioxide to be forced out of the lungs. Ex: Squeezing Ketchup out of a the opening on a bottle Speaking Larynx: voice box Vocal cords: folds of connective tissue that stretch across the opening of the larynx. Muscles make the vocal cords contract narrowing the opening. Air rushes through the opening. This vibration creates a sound, your voice. Air moving over vocal cord causes the vibration = producing sound. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS Bronchitis - an inflammation of the bronchial passages within the lungs which narrow and then become clogged with mucus. Can be caused by irritants, such as cigarette smoke, air pollution, or infections Cystic fibrosis – a genetic disorder that causes a thick buildup of mucus in the lungs and digestive system Asthma - a disorder in which there are periodic episodes of contractions of bronchial smooth muscle, which restricts air movement. Many cases of asthma result from allergic reactions Lung cancer - Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer death in males and females in the United States, and almost all cases occur in smokers. Uncontrolled growth of lung cells that produce tumors that prevent the lung from operating effectively. SMOKING!!!!! https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6wsXe e9SZ04 DISCUSSION QUESTIONS What types of things can affect breathing or damage lungs? Smoking, second hand smoking, asthma, pollutants, chemicals, inhalants, allergens Think back to our atmosphere unit – Does altitude or elevation affect your breathing? Yes, the higher you go up, the hard it is to breath because of reduced air pressure Respiration at High Elevations video clip – United Streaming: 7 min.48 sec. DISCUSSION QUESTIONS What two gases are exchanged during breathing? Oxygen and carbon dioxide What are the two functions of the respiratory system? Provides oxygen to the body and eliminates carbon dioxide and excess water. Through what structures does air pass to get to the lungs? Nose – Pharynx – Trachea – Bronchi RESPIRATORY VIDEO LINKS https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=RPdGQ-A_yM4 https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=hzOSzX_HXE4 https://www.youtube.com/wat ch?v=AJpur6XUiq4 CIRCULATORY SYSTEM CIRCULATORY SYSTEM INTRODUCTION VIDEO http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/CSmovie.html FUNCTION OF THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM It is the body’s delivery and transport system. Helps transport blood, oxygen, and nutrients throughout the body. To get rid of waste the body does not need (CO2) Can be referred to in science as the cardiovascular system. Cardio means “heart”. Vascular means “related to blood.” HEART The heart, the lungs, and the blood vessels work together to form the circle part of the circulatory system. o The heart is a hollow Muscular organ responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. Made of Cardiac Muscle. 4 Different Chambers: 2 on each side and 1 on top and 1 on bottom. o PARTS OF THE HEART Atria – The top 2 chambers. Receives blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs. Ventricles – The 2 bottom chambers. Pumps the blood out to the body and lungs Septum – A thick wall of muscle that separates the sides of the heart. HEART VALVES Flaps of tissue located inside the heart that separates the atrium and ventricle and directs blood flow. Tricuspid Pulmonary Mitral (Bicuspid) Aortic THE HEART The right side of the heart is completely separated from the left side by a wall of tissue called the Septum Each side has 2 chambers: Upper Chamber: Atrium Lower Chamber: Ventricle •Heart beat is regulated by a pacemaker •Natural pacemaker is a group of cells located in the right atrium that monitors the body’s need for oxygen & adjust the heart rate to meet the need. •Artificial pacemaker is an electrical device implanted in a patient that regulates the heartbeat. •Can be affected or disrupted by microwaves. THE 2 LOOPS OF THE HEART Loop 1: Right Pump Blood travels from the heart to the lungs & then back to the heart. Oxygen poor/Carbon dioxide rich blood flows into right atrium from the body. This blood is then pumped through the tricuspid valve into the right ventricle. The ventricles pump the blood through the pulmonary valve into the pulmonary artery that leads to the lungs. Pulmonary: means lungs There the lungs exchange fresh oxygen for carbon dioxide. The now oxygen rich blood flows from the lungs into the left side of the heart or the 2nd loop. LOOP 2: LEFT PUMP Blood travels from the lungs to the heart & then to the body. Oxygen rich blood flows into left atrium from the lungs. This blood is then pumped through the mitral/bicuspid valve into the left ventricle. The ventricles pump the blood through the aortic valve into the aorta that leads to the body. The contraction of the left ventricle is greater creating more force as this push is needed to pump the blood throughout the entire body. Throughout the body, blood drops off oxygen to various cells & picks up carbon dioxide. This Oxygen poor/Carbon dioxide rich blood flows back to the right side of the heart to begin the 2 loops process all over again. ARTERIES Carry blood AWAY from the heart Carry oxygen rich blood throughout the body. Heart pumps blood Main/Largest artery called the aorta Aorta divides and branches Coronary Arteries are arteries that Supply the cells of the heart with oxygen Many smaller arteries Each region of your body has system of arteries supplying it with fresh, oxygen-rich blood. Tough on the outside Smooth on the inside Muscular wall helps the heart pump blood VEINS Carry blood to the heart Carry oxygen poor/carbon dioxide rich blood throughout the body. Receive blood from the capillaries Transport waste-rich/ oxygen-poor blood back to the lungs and heart Valves are located inside the veins Allow blood to move in one direction Contraction of skeletal muscles help to push blood through veins back to the heart. WARM UP COMPLETE “HEART DIAGRAMS” ON THE WORKSHEET YOU WERE GIVEN. WE WILL GO OVER IT. CAPILLARIES Very thin Only one cell thick Connects arteries & veins Releases food and oxygen to the body Carbon Dioxide and other wastes are returned to the bloodstream PULSES AND BLOOD PRESSURE Your pulse is created by the expansion & relaxation of the artery walls. Arteries can expand or contract to restrict blood flow to an area. Example: Exercising blood flow increases to muscles and lung cells. Example: During digestion blood flow to the digestive system increases Blood pressure is the force exerted on the walls of arteries as blood is pumped through the ventricles of the heart. Blood pressure decreases the further it travels from the heart. Inadequate blood pressure can mean not enough oxygen and nutrients are being delivered to vital organs such as the brain, heart, etc., preventing these organs from functioning properly and may lead to temporary or permanent damage. Measured using a sphygmomanometer or blood pressure cuff. THE HEART AT WORK http://www.medtropolis.com/VBody.asp - tour through the heart http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/eheart/transplantwave. html - perform a heart transplant PARTS OF BLOOD BLOODMOBILE http://www2.fi.edu/exhibits/permanent/resources/ heartsongMed.mpg Can you figure out why some bloodmobiles are red and some are blue? BACKGROUND INFORMATION: All blood is produced in bone marrow, which is found inside of bones. Marrow is full of nutrients and all 4 components of blood. An average of 2.6 million red blood cells are produced each second by the bone marrow to replace those worn out and destroyed by the liver. RED BLOOD CELLS These cells carry oxygen, they can be dark red (oxygen poor) or bright red (oxygen rich). Blood is NEVER blue, this is a huge misconception. Red blood cells carry hemoglobin (composed mostly of this), which is an iron containing protein that contains oxygen. They are disc shaped with a pinched center. This allows it to bend and squeeze through capillaries and carry oxygen. http://hes.ucf.k12.pa.us/gclaypo/circdia.htm l WHITE BLOOD CELLS These cells fight infection. They are larger in size, but they are fewer in numbers. Produced in Bone Marrow The body produces several different types of white blood cells. The body increases production of white blood cells when they are needed. Diseases of white blood cells Leukemia – cancer of WBC’s HIV – virus that attacks specific lymphocytes PLATELETS Platelets are cell fragments that help the blood to clot at a wound site. (Scabs) They are shaped somewhat like plates. Like the red and white blood cells, platelets are produced in bone marrow. Hemophiliacs lack a sufficient number of platelets user.gru.net/clawrence/ vccl/chpt7/plate.htm PLASMA Plasma is the fluid/liquid portion of blood. It makes up 55% of blood and is a straw (yellow) colored liquid. About 90% of it is made of water. 10% dissolved materials such as glucose, fats, vitamins, & minerals. United Streaming Video Clip: Bill Nye - Blood Circulation - 2min.50 sec. Bill Nye – Blood Transfusions – 2min.9sec. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM DISORDERS Atherosclerosis- High fat diets can lead to formation of fatty plaques lining blood vessels. These fatty areas can become hard leading to arteriosclerosis, hardening of the arteries. When blood vessels become less stretchable, blood pressure rises and can result in heart and kidney damage and strokes. Myocardial infarction (MI)- The scientific name for a “heart attack.” The blockage occurs in one of the arteries of the heart muscle itself, a coronary artery. Depending upon how much tissue dies, a victim of an MI may survive and undergo cardiac rehabilitation, strengthening the remaining heart muscle, or may die if too much muscle tissue is destroyed. Arrhythmia/dysrhythmia- Abnormal heart rates and rhythms all have special names like ventricular tachycardia, fibrillation, but generically are termed arrhythmias or dysrhythmia, meaning “no rhythm” and “abnormal rhythm.” There are fine distinctions between the two, but they are often used interchangeably HOW DO THE SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER? Watch How the Respiratory and Circulatory Systems Work together! (18 min.) http://users.tpg.com.au/users/amcgann/body/respiratory.html WARM UP – HUMAN BODY SPOD QUESTION #2 What 4 components make up blood? What are RBC’s? What do they do? What are WBC’s? What do we do? What is Plasma? What makes up plasma? What are platelets? What can we do? What color do you think blood is and why? Prove your theory. WARM UP: MAKE SURE THESE ARE DONE AND YOU ARE READY TO TALK ABOUT IT. ALSO, COME GET YOUR ½ SHEET FROM WAS FROM YESTERDAY AND MAKE SURE IT IS DONE. With your data and pictograph, create a line graph showing what happened during the lab. Compare and Contrast the # of breaths you took when you were resting vs when you were participating in physical activity. Describe what happened over the course of the lab. What happened as you increased your physical activity? Analyze your data, what you said in the question above, & what you saw. Then describe what breathing rate is & why it increased as the lab went on. Now your turn!! Create a scenario or lab that would show the relationship between the amount of oxygen your body needs to your breathing rate. HARVARD STEP TEST DISCUSSION/ANALYSIS QUESTIONS ON SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER Compare and contrast data from your breathing rate and heart rate. Describe the pattern you saw. Explain the difference between the rates when you were resting vs when you were walking/stepping. Why were they different? Analyze the data and conclusions about the lab you collected and then describe to me what heart rate is and breathing rate. What do they measure? What is their relationship to each other and to physical activity? Overall, in your own words summarize what occurred during the lab and then explain to me why that happened? Lastly, think about the last two labs and then draw one interconnecting picture that explains/incorporates breathing rate, heart rate, breathing, oxygen, resting, and physical activity. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM - The Digestive Process Begins The digestive system has three main functions. It breaks down food into molecules the body can use. The molecules are absorbed into the blood and carried throughout the body. Wastes are eliminated from the body. DIGESTION The process by which your body breaks down food into small nutrient molecules is called digestion. There are two kinds of digestion—mechanical and chemical. Mechanical digestion – food is physically broken down into smaller pieces. Chemical digestion, chemicals produced by the body break foods into their smaller chemical building blocks. VIDEO CLIP Video Clip from Kids Health GRAPHIC ORGANIZER In the mouth, the teeth break food into smaller pieces and saliva begins to break down starches. Esophagus pushes food from mouth to stomach. In the stomach, food is churned and mixed with digestive juices that break down protein. In the small intestine, almost all chemical digestion and absorption occurs. Large intestine absorbs water and eliminates waste. THE MOUTH - The Digestive Process Begins Both mechanical and chemical digestion begin in the mouth. Saliva- The fluid released when the mouth waters that plays an important role in both mechanical and chemical digestion THE ESOPHAGUS After leaving the mouth, food goes into the esophagus – a muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach. The esophagus is lined with mucus, a thick, slippery substance produced by the body. Esophagus- A muscular tube that connects the mouth to the stomach After food enters the esophagus, contractions of smooth muscles push the food toward the stomach. These involuntary waves of muscle contraction are called peristalsis. These muscular waves keep food moving in one direction. - The Digestive Process Begins THE STOMACH Most mechanical digestion and some chemical digestion occur in the stomach. DIGESTION IN THE STOMACH Mechanical Digestion in the Stomach The physical actions, such as chewing, that help break down food during digestion. Another example of mechanical digestion occurs as the smooth muscle contract to produce a churning motion. Chemical Digestion in the Stomach Digestive juice contains the enzyme pepsin. Pepsin chemically digests the proteins in your food, breaking them down into short chains of amino acids. Digestive juice also contains hydrochloric acid, a very strong acid. WARM UP Pull out notes sheet from yesterday. Use textbook (pg 61) to complete the digestive system diagram on worksheet. EPIGLOTTIS As you swallow, a flap of Tissue called the epiglottis, Which seals off your windpipe, preventing the food from entering your lungs. - Final Digestion and Absorption THE SMALL INTESTINE The small intestine is the part of the digestive system where most chemical digestion and absorption of nutrients take place. LIVER AND GALLBLADDER The role of the liver in the digestive system is to produce bile. Bile is a substance that breaks up fat particles. Bile flows from the liver into the gallbladder, the organ that stores bile. After you eat, bile passes through a tube from the gallbladder into the small intestine. THE PANCREAS As part of the digestive system, the pancreas produces enzymes that flow into the small intestine and help break down starches, proteins, and fats. Fiber isn’t broken down in the digestive system. Instead fiber turns into a thick liquid material to help push material forward. - Final Digestion and Absorption THE SMALL INTESTINE Tiny finger-shaped projections called villi line the inside of the small intestine. Villi absorb nutrient molecules. The molecules pass from the villi into blood vessels. THE LARGE INTESTINE - COLON As the material moves through the large intestine, water is absorbed into the bloodstream. The remaining material is readied for elimination from the body. The large intestine contains bacteria that feed on the material passing through. They are helpful because they make certain vitamins, including vitamin K. The large intestine ends in a short tube called the rectum. Here, waste material is compressed into a solid form. This waste material is eliminated from the body through the anus, a muscular opening at the end of the rectum. METABOLISM: -THE RATE THAT YOUR BODY TURNS FOOD INTO ENERGY. People can have a slow or fast metabolism. Each person's caloric intake varies, but on average you can assume that each person needs 2,000 calories per day. By interpreting a nutritional food label, each person can keep up with the number of calories they eat each day along with the vitamins and nutrients they consume. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM DISORDERS Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Severe “heartburn” - Weakness of the valve between the esophagus and stomach may allow stomach acid to reflux (regurgitate, backup) into the esophagus and irritate and inflame the lining. Crohn’s Disease - a chronic inflammatory disease primarily of the bowel. Typical symptoms are abdominal pain, weight loss, diarrhea. Cirrhosis – The name means “orange-yellow” in Greek. A degenerative disease of the liver that often develops in chronic alcoholics, but can have other causes. The name refers to the gross appearance of the organ. THE EXCRETORY SYSTEM How Our Body Eliminates Cellular Wastes EXCRETORY SYSTEM FUNCTIONS Excretory System – removes excess water, H2O, urea, carbon dioxide, CO2, and other wastes from our blood. http://kidshealth.org/kid/htbw/USmovie.html Kidneys – filter out excess water and urea Lungs – filter out carbon dioxide, CO2, from the blood. Skin – excretes water, as sweat, which contains some trace chemical wastes, including urea. SKIN The skin gives off a waste product called sweat to help the body cool itself. If your body loses too much water you can become dehydrated. The skin can become damaged from burns, cuts and over-exposure to the sun. You are at a greater risk for sunburn or direct sunrays during the hours of 11am-3pm. EXCRETORY CON’T Excretion maintains homeostasis by keeping the body’s internal environment stable and free of harmful levels of chemicals. Kidney - Filter blood and help to maintain homeostasis by regulating the amount of water in your body. Ureter – two narrow tubes that urine flows from the kidneys to the bladder. Bladder and Urethra – Urine leaves bladder and released through the urethra. Lungs – carbon dioxide is released and excess water Skin – Sweat glands in the skin help release urea and water Liver – like a recyling factory. Breaks down waste before they are excreted. Urea is produced in liver. Liver also converts old red blood cells into bile. EXCRETORY SYSTEM DISORDERS Kidney Stones - These are smaller sized deposits of calcium in the kidney. The stones can also increase or go down to the urinary tract causing extreme pain. The stone may also get infected causing further complications Bladder Cancer - When there is uncontrolled growth of cells present in bladder, it is known as bladder cancer. The end result is a tumor in the bladder. EXCRETORY SYSTEM REVIEW What organs help to remove waste products from our bodies? What do the kidneys do? Lungs, skin, kidneys Filter the blood to remove waste products What would happen if the kidneys did not filter the blood? The waste products would build up and poison the blood EXCRETORY VIDEO • • • • • • An Introduction to the Excretory System [02:14] The Lungs [01:27] The Liver [01:51] The Skin [02:00] Summary of the Excretory System [00:51] Video Questions