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Domain III Life Science
Cells
• Unicellular Organisms – one cell
Example: Bacteria, some Protists
Multicellular Organisms – more than one cell
Example: All animals and plants. These
organisms are arranged in levels of
organization:
Cells  Tissues  Organs  Organ
System Organism
Characteristics of living
organisms and the Cell Theory
Characteristics of a cell:
take in energy, obtain and
use energy,
reproduce,maintain
homeostasis, and pass on
characteristics to offspring
through genes.
• Make it simple all
organisms must
metabolize, reproduce,
grow, movement, respond,
and generally have
complex organization.
Cell Theory states:
• All living things are
made of cells
• Cells are the basic unit
of structure and
function in organisms.
• All cells come from
pre-existing cells.
Prokaryotic Cells
• Simple cellular
organization with no
nucleus or other
membrane-bound
organelles.
• Example: Bacteria
• Diseases caused by
bacteria: Cholera,
diphtheria, Dysentery,
Tetanus, and Tooth
Decay.
Eukaryotic Cells
Domain: Eukarya
Found in kingdoms
• Protista
• Fungi
• Plantae
• Animalia (Cell
Shown)
Eukaryotic Cells – Complex
Cellular Organization
Membrane Organelles:
• Nucleus –
DNA/Chromosomes
• Rough ER – Protein
Synthesis(ribosomes
attached)
• Smooth ER – lipids
synthesis
• Golgi Apparatus –
packaging
And more organelles:
• Mitochondria – ATP
production
• Ribosomes – Protein
Synthesis
• Peroxisome – involved
in hydrogen peroxide
synthesis and
degradation
What is unique to:
Animal Cells:
• Lysosomes – contain
digestive enzymes.
• Centrioles – used in
cellular division.
Plants Cells:
• Chloroplast – site of
photosynthesis
• Cell Wall – formed of
proteins and cellulose
and lies outside of the
plasma membrane
Questions ??????
1. What is a difference between prokaryotes and
eukaryotes?
A. Eukaryotes have a nuclear membrane.
B. Organelles are found only in prokaryotes.
C. The cells of prokaryotes only contain
cytoplasm.
D. Prokaryotes contain an endoplasmic
reticulum.
Question 2
A disease not caused by bacteria
A.
B.
C.
D.
Tetanus
Strep Throat
Dysentery
HIV
Question 3
Match the function to the organelle:
Ribosome
A. Packaging
Mitochondria
B. Lipid Synthesis
Smooth ER
C. Protein Synthesis
Golgi Appartus
D. Cellullar Respiration
Question 3
Match the function to the organelle:
A. Packaging
C Ribosome
D Mitochondria
B. Lipid Synthesis
C. Protein Synthesis
B Smooth ER
D. Cellular Respiration
A Golgi Appartus
Cellular Transport
Active Transport – Requires energy –
• Membrane Pumps – moves materials
opposite to diffusion or against the gradient.
• Endocytosis – Two types:
Phagocytosis – solids
Pinocytosis – liquids
• Exocytosis – expel materials from the cell
Passive Transport – relies on thermal energy of matter and the
cell does not work (No energy “ATP” used – High
Concentration to Low Concentration). Four types:
• Diffusion (usually solutes)
• Facilitated Diffusion – membrane enzyme carries the
substance
• Osmosis – diffusion across a semi-permeable membrane
(usually solvent due to solute concentration)
• Bulk flow – movement of fluids affected by pressure.
Question 4
The use of transport vesicles and energy to
move large solid materials into a cell is
called?
A. Bulk Flow
B. Exocytosis
C. Phagocytosis
D. Osmosis
Question 5
Which of the following is an example of osmosis?
A. The movement of ions from an area of high
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
B. The movement of ions from an area of low
concentration to an area of higher concentration.
C. The movement of water from an area of high
concentration to an area of lower concentration.
D. The movement of water from an area of low
concentration to an area of higher concentration.
Question 6
What happens to a cell when particles move
out of the cell through facilitated diffusion?
A. The cell gains energy.
B. The cell uses energy.
C. No energy change takes place.
D. The cell produces energy.
Photosynthesis
Photosynthesis – First Stage
Light Dependent
Reactions:
The captured light
energy is transferred
to electrons that come
from H2O and O2 is
the byproduct.
ATP is produced
Second Stage of Photosynthesis:
Light Independent Reactions:
Energized electrons are
transferred to CO2 to form
glucose in the CalvinBenson Cycle.
Autotrophs use the energy
from the sun to make
organic compounds and
are the basis of all
terrestrial and most
aquatic food chains.
Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration
Highly energized electrons stored temporarily
in glucose are removed (oxidation
reactions) in a stepwise fashion to maximize
energy captured at each step.
All organisms must use energy and the energy
is in the form of ATP.
Stage 1: Glycolysis
• Anaerobic process in
the cytoplasm in
which glucose is
oxidized to two
pyruvates. Both
pyruvates are 3Carbon.
• All organisms
complete glycolysis
using enzymes.
Step 2: Krebs Cycle
• Occurs in the
Mitochondria
• Aerobic process that
oxidizes pyruvate to
CO2 and H+ are
released to Hydrogen
acceptor molecules.
Stage 3: Electron Transport
Chain
• Electrons from the
hydrogen are used to
create a chemical gradient
resulting in an osmotic
gradient that is used to
resynthesize ATP from
ADP + 1P
• After electrons are used
they are transferred to
Oxygen to form H2O.
• Also called oxidative
phosphorylation.
Relationship between Photosynthesis and
Cellular Respiration
Question 7
What two products of photosynthesis are
reactants in cellular respiration?
A. Glucose and oxygen
B. Glucose and water
C. Oxygen and carbon dioxide
D. Sunlight and oxygen
Question 8
In what stage of photosynthesis is the
molecule CO2 fixed in to the energy
molecule glucose?
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Calvin Cycle
D. Light Dependent Reactions
Question 9
Which stage of cellular respiration occurs in
all organisms under anaerobic conditions?
A. Glycolysis
B. Krebs Cycle
C. Electron Transport Chain
D. Calvin Cycle
Question 10
What organelles are involved in the processes
of photosynthesis and cellular respiration?
A. Chloroplast and Ribosomes
B. Chloroplast and Golgi Apparatus
C. Chloroplast and Endoplasmic Reticulum
D. Chloroplast and Mitochondria
DNA and RNA
Chromosomes,
Genes,
and Protein Synthesis
Nucleic Acids
DNA
• Nucleus – Eukaryotic
Cells
• Functional Unit –
Nucleotide composed of
phosphate group, sugar –
Deoxyribose, and nitrogen
base
• Bases are Adenine(A),
Guanine(G), Thymine(T),
and Cytosine(C)
•
•
•
•
RNA
Coded from the DNA
molecule and is used in
protein synthesis
Single strand
Functional unit –
Nucleotide composed of a
phosphate group, sugar –
Ribose, and nitrogen base
Contains Uracil(U) rather
than Thymine.
DNA
DNA - Facts
DNA is a double helix molecule similar to a spiral
stair case or a twisted ladder with the sides formed
by repeating sugar-phosphate groups of
nucleotides, and the horizontal portions (rungs of
the ladder) formed by hydrogen bonds involving
Adenine(A) to Thymine(T) or Cytosine(C) to
Guanine(G).
Hereditary information (genes) are found along the
linear sequence of nucleotides in the DNA
molecule.
RNA - Facts
RNA is a single strand with sugar – phosphate repeating units
that is coded directly from a gene on the DNA molecule.
There are three types of RNA molecules:
Messenger RNA (mRNA) – coded from the DNA carrying
the sequence for a protein.
Transfer RNA (tRNA) – carries the amino acids to the
ribosomes and contains the anticodon sequence
Ribosomal RNA (rRNA) – located in the ribosomes and helps
bind the other two types of RNA during protein synthesis.
DNA Replication
(Semiconservative)
• Important allows cells
to pass genetic
information on to
offspring.
• Errors in the process
results in mutations.
• Remember A – T and
G – C.
Steps for replication:
• Step 1: DNA’s double helix is unzipped between
base pairs by breaking the hydrogen bonds using
DNA helicase(enzyme).
• Step 2: Pairing of new nucleotides using DNA
polymerase with the proper bases, ie: A with T
and C with G on each separated side of the
original DNA.
• At the conclusion of this process two strands of
DNA molecules are formed with one half
consisting of the original and a new strand
(semiconservative).
Question 11
The functional unit of both DNA and RNA is
the nucleotide. What comprises the
nucleotide?
A. Sugar, Protein, and a Base
B. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base
C. Sugar, Protein, and a Ribosome
D. Sugar, Phosphate, and a Ribosome
Question 12
Which sequence of bases will pair with the
base sequence CTAGGATTC in a DNA
molecule?
A. GATCCTAAG
B. ATGTTGCCA
C. CTAGGATTC
D. GAATCCTAG
Question 13
The enzyme responsible for the attaching of
new nucleotides to form new strands during
DNA replication is?
A. DNA helicase
B. DNA pairase
C. DNA polymerase
D. DNA replicase
Question 14
Which RNA molecule has the anticodon
sequence?
A. Messenger
B. Transfer
C. Ribosomal
D. DNA
Protein Synthesis – 2 steps
Transcription – nucleus
DNA  mRNA
Translation – cytoplasm
mRNA  rRNA  tRNA  protein
Transcription occurs in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells.
DNA nucleotide sequence  mRNA
Steps:
1. Messenger (m)RNA is copied from DNA, by
unzipping a portion of the DNA helix that
corresponds to a gene using RNA polymerase.
2. Only one side of the DNA will be transcribed,
and nucleotides with the proper bases (A with U
and C with G) will be sequenced to build
mRNA.
3. mRNA leaves the nucleus.
Translation – occurs in the cytoplasm with
ribosomes forming proteins
mRNA  rRNA  tRNA  proteins
Steps:
1. mRNA attached to a ribosome
2. tRNA molecules pick up an amino acid and carry them
to the ribosome.
3. tRNA anticodon and the mRNA codon join together
4. As the amino acid chain lengthens enzymes form peptide
bonds between amino acids.
5. The tRNA exit to locate a new amino acid and this
process continues until the stop codon is reached.
Overview of Protein Synthesis
Question 15
DNA 
RNA 
Protein
In the diagram above, what is the function of RNA?
A. Carry the set of instructions that replicates another DNA molecule
in the protein chain.
B. Carry the set of instructions that places amino acids in the protein
chain.
C. Carry the set of instructions that places phosphate molecules in the
protein chain.
D. Carry the set of instructions that bonds hydrogen to the protein
chain
Question 16
What is the process in which mRNA is coded
from the DNA and in what part of an
eukaryotic cell does it occur?
A. Transcription, Nucleus
B. Transcription, Cytoplasm
C. Translation, Nucleus
D. Translation, Cytoplasm
Question 17
Looking at the picture to
the right, what type of
RNA is shown?
A. mRNA
B. tRNA
C. rRNA
D. sRNA
Question 18
The DNA sequence, GATTACACG, would
code which of the following mRNA
sequence?
A. CTAATGTGC
B. CTUUTGTGC
C. CATATGTGC
D. CUAAUGUGC
Question 19
What process is being
shown in the diagram
to the left?
A. Transcription
B. Translation
C. Replication
D. Selection
Mutations
Any random, permanent change in the DNA molecule. Many
are harmful, some have no effect, and some benefit the
organism. Nature selects those mutations that are
beneficial or adaptive in organisms to help shape the
course of evolution.
DNA sequence: GCATACCA
Types of mutations:
Deletion – lost base  GC*TACCA
Duplication – extra copies  GCATCATACCA
Inversion – backwards  CGATACCA
Question 20
If the DNA sequence was ATGCTGGC, what
type of mutation is shown in the following
sequence, ATGCGCTGGC,
A. Deletion
B. Duplication
C. Inversion
D. Replication
Classification
The Science of Taxonomy
5 Kingdom vs 6 Kingdom
5 Kingdoms: Monera (prokaryotic), Protista (eukaryotic),
Fungi* (eukaryotic), Plantae* (eukaryotic), Animalia
(eukaryotic)
6Kingdoms: Eubacteria (prokaryotic), Archaebacteria
(prokaryotic), Protista (eukaryotic), Fungi* (eukaryotic),
Plantae* (eukaryotic), Animalia (eukaryotic)
* Cell Wall Present (Chitin in Fungi and Cellulose in Plantae)
What is the difference: Monera has been split into the
Eubacteria and Archaebacteria.
What no Viruses?
Viruses
Viruses
• Viruses are either a segment of DNA or RNA with a
protein coat and are acellular. (Does not meet the life
processes)
• Infection pattern of viruses is either lytic or lysogenic.
Lysogenic pattern has a dormancy stage.
• Vaccinations is the most effective defense against viral
infections. Antibiotics CANNOT treat viral infections.
• Viral Diseases: AIDS, Chickenpox, Common Cold,
Hepatitis, Flu, Measles, Mumps, Polio, Rabies, Smallpox,
Warts, and West Nile Virus.
• Viruses that infect bacteria are Bacteriophage.
Question 21
How are viruses different from living
organisms?
A. Viruses have no DNA or RNA.
B. Viruses use host cells to reproduce.
C. Viruses contain no proteins.
D. Viruses can be killed by antibiotics.
Question 22
Which kingdom is a decomposer and has a
cell wall composed of chitin?
A. Protista
B. Animalia
C. Plantae
D. Fungi
Question 23
Which of the following is NOT an effective
viral disease treatment or prevention?
A. Antibiotics
B. Flu Vaccine
C. Control of animals that carry rabies
D. Avoiding close contact with people who
have colds.
Evolution
• Theory of Evolution includes: Variation
exist within the genes of a population, some
organisms are better suited to survive and
reproduce, and resources are limited.
• Evidence of evolution include: fossils, DNA
sequence, Anatomical similarities, and
Physiological similarities.
Ecology
• Autotrophs or producers are organisms that
capture sunlight or other organic molecules to
form an organic molecules. Photosynthesis.
Examples: plants, algae, and bacteria
• Heterotrophs or consumers are organisms that rely
on other organisms for their energy(food).
Examples: Fungi, bacteria, animals.
Heterotrophs Relationship
• Herbivore – Animals that eat only plants (Cows)
• Carnivore – Animals that eat only other animals
(Lions)
• Omnivore – Animals that eat both plant and
animal matter (Humans)
• Detritivores – obtain energy from dead organisms
and organic waste. (Earthworms and fungi)
• Decomposers – are detritivores that cause decay.
(Bacteria and fungi)
Symbiosis Relatioships
Symbiosis is a close relationship between two organisms that
are different species.
• Commensalism – one organism benefits and the other does
not benefit nor is harmed. Ex:Clown Fish and Sea
Anemone (Finding Nemo)
• Mutualism – both species benefit. Ex: Lichens (which are
fungi and algae)
• Parasitism – one organism lives directly on other
organism. Ex: Tapeworm and Humans
• Predation – one organism captures and eating another. Ex:
Gazelle and Lion
Energy and Matter in the Ecosystem
Matter is recycled through the ecosystem, where
energy is lost between the trophic levels.
• Food Chain – shows direct relationships
PlantsGrasshopperBlue Jay
Producer Primary Consumer Secondary Consumer (3 trophic levels)
• Food Web – interrelationships within an
ecosystem between producers, consumers, and
decomposers.
Biogeochemical Cycles
Water Cycle – Evaporation and Transpiration,
Condensation, Precipitation, and Runoff
Carbon Cycle – Photosynthesis/Cell
Respiration
Nitrogen Cycle – Nitrogen fixation,
Nitrification, Assimilation, and
Denitrification
Question 24
Algae  Krill  Cod  Leopard Seal
Which term describes the algae in the food
chain above?
A. Decomposers
B. Consumers
C. Producers
D. Herbivores
Question 25
Which of the following is not recycled
through the environment?
A. Energy
B. Carbon
C. Nitrogen
D. Water
Question 26
Which form of interaction takes place when a
killer whale devours a seal?
A. Commensalism
B. Mutualism
C. Predation
D. Parasitism
Question 27
Which process does not return carbon to the
environment?
A. Burning of fossil fuels
B. Photosynthesis
C. Cellular Respiration
D. Decay
Human Systems
Four Types of Tissues
• Epithelial – lines the body surfaces. Continuously
replaced.
• Nervous – carries information throughout the
body.
• Connective – supports, protects, and insulates the
body. (Blood, bone, fat, and cartilage)
• Muscle – movement (Smooth, cardiac, and
skeletal)
Integumentary System
Structures: Skin, Hair, and Nails
Function: Protects the body from injury,
defense against pathogens, regulate body
temperature, and prevents the body from
drying out.
Skeletal System
Structures: Bones, joints
Function: Provide protection to internal organs and
work with muscles for movement.
Tendons attach muscles to bone. Ligaments connect
bone to bone and limit the movement of bones.
Joints include Ball and socket(hip), pivot(neck),
hinge(fingers), gliding(wrist), and saddle(thumb
only).
Circulatory System
Structures: Heart, Blood, and Blood Vessels.
Heart – 4 chambers, atrium(2) receives blood and
ventricles(2) pump blood
Blood – composed of red blood cells, white blood cells,
platelets
Blood Vessels – arteries, veins, and capillaries
Function: connects all organs in the body and transports
material throughout the body.
Pulmonary – Heart to Lungs & Systemic – Heart to Body
Pathway of blood through the heart
Vena Cava (blood from the body)  Right
Atrium  Right Ventricle  Pulmonary
Artery  Lung  Pulmonary Vein  Left
Artium  Left Ventricle  Aorta
Pathway of blood through the blood vessels:
Arteries  Arterioles  Capillaries 
Venules  Vein
Respiratory System
Structures: Diaphragm, Lungs, Pharynx, Trachea,
Bronchi, and Alveoli
Function: Works with the circulatory system to
transport oxygen to the cells of the body for
cellular respiration and the removal of carbon
dioxide.
Pathway of air: Pharynx Larynx
TracheaBronchi Bronchioles Alveoli
Exchange occurs between the alveoli and capillaries
Digestive System
Structures and Pathway: Mouth, Esophagus,
Stomach, Small Intestines, Large Intestines, and
Rectum. Accessory Organs: Liver, Pancreas, and
Salivary Glands.
Function: To break down large organic molecules in
food to usable smaller molecules.
Steps: Ingestion  Digestion  Absorption 
Elimination
Excretory System
Structure: Kidney, Ureters, Bladder, and
Urethra
Function: The removal (excretion) of water
soluble waste in blood from chemical
activities in cells including ammonia from
metabolism of proteins.
Two Steps: Filtration and Reabsorption
Nervous System
Structures: Neurons, brain, and spinal cord.
Function: Controls and coordinates functions
throughout the body. Uses both chemical and
electrical signals.
Electrical impulse move DendriteCell Body
Axon (neurotransmitter)  Dendrite
Neurotransmitters are chemical messengers
Central Nervous System – Brain and Spinal Cord
Peripheral Nervous System - Nerves
Immune System
Function: To protect the body from disease
causing agents (pathogens).
Nonspecific defenses: Skin, Inflammatory
response, histamine, tears, and increase in
temperature.
White Blood Cells – 3 types – Neutrophils,
Macrophages, and Killer T Cells
Endocrine System
Structure: Glands and Hormones
Function: Regulate the activity of the body using
hormones.
Endocrine glands produce hormones and are secrete
directly into the blood or fluid around cells.
Gland and Hormone: Adrenal–adrenaline, Ovariesestrogen, Pancreas–insulin, and Testes–testerone
Reproductive System
Function: Reproduction of offspring
Male Reproductive System: Testes produces
sperm (haploid cell 23 chromosomes)
Female Reproductive System: Ovaries
produce ova (haploid cell 23
chromosomes), fallopian tube (fertilization
occurs) and uterus (embryo development).
Question 28
Which structure in the digestive system is
primarily responsible for the absorption of
nutrients?
A. Mouth
B. Stomach
C. Small Intestines
D. Rectum
Question 29
What is the correct order of the digestive process?
A. Elimination, Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption
B. Ingestion, Digestion, Absorption, Elimination
C. Ingestion, Absorption, Digestion, Elimination
D. Digestion, Elimination, Absorption, Ingestion
Question 30
Which statement describes the interaction between two
different body systems?
A. Muscles move when a nerve impulse is received from
motor nerves.
B. Cells produced in the inner layer of the epidermis move
upward toward the outer layer of skin.
C. Air filtered and warmed in the nose.
D. Macrophages attack and kill invading pathogens.
Question 31
Which statement best describes the interactions between the
central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system
in humans?
A. The central nervous system controls the peripheral
nervous system.
B. The peripheral nervous system controls the central
nervous system.
C. Both systems are controlled by the endocrine system.
D. The systems work independently.
Question 32
Where does fertilization of the ova occur in
humans?
A. Ovary
B. Fallopian Tubes
C. Uterus
D. Vagina
Question 33
What two systems work directly together in
movement of a muscle?
A. Endocrine and Muscular
B. Digestive and Muscular
C. Circulatory and Muscular
D. Nervous and Muscular
Question 34
Which organ below is not responsible for the
removal of waste from the human body?
A. Stomach
B. Lungs
C. Skin
D. Kidneys
Question 35
When oxygen and carbon dioxide are
exchanged between the blood and the
alveoli, which two systems are interacting?
A. Circulatory and Digestive
B. Respiratory and Endocrine
C. Circulatory and Respiratory
D. Endocrine and Digestive
Plants
Just the facts
Basic Organs of Plants
•
•
•
•
Roots – Anchorage and Absorption
Stems – Supports leaves
Leaves – Photosynthesis
Flowers – Reproduction ( found only in
Angiosperms)
Nonvascular Plants
Nonvascular plants lack roots, stems, and
leaves.
Examples: Mosses, Liverworts, and
Hornworts
Vascular Plants
Vascular tissues are xylem and phloem.
Xylem transports water and minerals from
the roots to the leaves for photosynthesis.
Phloem transports sap (sugar and water)
from the leaves to other areas of the plants.
Vascular Plants include Gymnosperms (pine
trees) and Angiosperms (flowering plants).
Plant Responses to the Environment
Responses to the environment by plants are due to
tropisms. Tropisms are either positive or negative,
depending on if the plant bends toward or away
from the stimulus.
Examples:
Phototropism – sunlight
Thigmotropism – touch
Photoperiodism – length of sunlight to
darkness/flowering
Question 36
When a plant grows toward light, which
tropism is shown?
A. Thigmotropism
B. Photoperiodism
C. Guttation
D. Phototropism
Question 37
Mosses, Liverworts, and Hornworts are
examples of
A. Nonvascular Plants
B. Vascular Plants
C. Gymnosperms
D. Angiosperms
Question 38
Plants have adaptations that increase their chance of
survival. For example, when the leaves of a
mimosa plant are touched, all of the leaves fold
up. A valid conclusion about this adaptation is
that mimosa plants developed this response as
protection against
A. Too much light
B. Leaf-eating animals
C. Cold temperatures
D. Dry Weather