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Growth in Height and Weight from Two to Eighteen Years
Height
90
70.9
80
170
66.9
72
158.7
160
63.0
64
141.1
150
59.0
56
123.4
140
55.1
48
105.8
130
51.2
40
88.2
120
47.2
32
70.5
110
43.3
24
52.9
39.4
16
35.3
Boys
Girls
100
194.0
176.3
Boys
Girls
90
35.4
8
80
31.5
6 8 10 12 14 16 18
0
2
4
Age in Years
17.6
2
4
6 8
0
10 12 14 16 18
Age in Years
Pounds
Centimeters
180
Inches
74.9
Kilograms
190
Weight
Physical Impact of Poverty on Growth
150
135
120
90
Daily calories
as % daily
requirement
75
Children stunted
age 0-5
60
Children age 0-5
underweight
45
30
15
Countries Arranged by Rank for Calories per Day
Ethiopia
Honduras
India
Viet Nam
China
Brazil
Jamaica
Canada
Japan
United Kingdom
Mexico
United States
0
France
Percentage
105
Brain damage
(sometimes reversible)
Lethargy and
withdrawal
Malnutrition
Poverty
Illness
Minimal
exploration
of environment
DELAYED
INTELLECTUAL
DEVELOPMENT
Delayed development
of motor skills such as
crawling and walking
Delayed physical
growth
Lowered
expectations
of child from
adults because
child appears
young
Lack of educational
and medical resources
Areas of the Brain
Cerebral cortex
Sensory cortex
Motor cortex
Visual cortex
Broca's area
Wernicke's
area
Auditory
cortex
Brainstem
Midbrain
Hindbrain
Piaget's Three Mountains Experiment
Variations on Three Mountain Experiments
Semantic Relations in Two-Word Utterances
Relationship
Example
Agents + action
Action + object
Agent + object
Action + locative (location)
Object + locative
Possessor + possessed
Attribute + object
Demonstrative + object
Baby cry
Eat cookie
Bobby cookie
Jump stair
Teddy bed
Mommy sandwich
Big dog
There Daddy
2 to 5 Year Language Explosion
• Prelinguistic: crying signals, gooing, cooing,
babbling, squeals, yells, inflection by 9 months
• Holophrastic: One word means many things. Starts
about 1 year. 40 to 50 words by 18 months, 300
words by 2 years.
• Telegraphic: Two or three word phrases (“Where
go?” “More milk.” “No bath!” “Big boat.” “Mommy’s
dress.”). From about 18 to 24 months.
• Stage II Grammar: Includes plurals,
overgeneralizations. From about 2 to 3 years.
• Adult-like Speech: Starts at about 5 to 6 years.
Motor cortex
Broca's
area
Primary
auditory
area
Wernicke's
area
Theories of Language Acquisition
• Social Learning Theories: Language acquisition through imitation or
modeling
• Reinforcement: The child is conditioned to perform verbal behavior. (B.F.
Skinner, 1957)
• Innateness: We are “pre-wired” or “preprogrammed” to learn language
through a language acquisition device (L.A.D.) in the brain. (Chomsky)
• Combined View: Includes predisposition and input from the environment, but
the child plays an active, creative role in learning language. Perception,
cognition, motor, social and emotional factors are all involved.
Summary of Early Childhood Physical Development
• Brain continues myelination process and formation of
neuronal connections.
• Body proportions becoming more adult-like.
• Large and fine motor coordination are maturing.
Summary of Early Childhood Cognitive Development
• Preoperational thinking, not yet logical,
unable to see another’s viewpoint.
• Child has gone through “language
explosion,” emerging with vocabulary of
over 14,000 words, and syntactically
correct usage.