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War and Revolution 1914-1920 Chapter 26 Notes The War Europe Expected Alliance system was Superiority in armed for defense as well as forces was a priority to protect common to European nations interests seeking to protect Triple Entente: peace France/ Great Britain/ Modern war was to Russia be short (modern Triple Alliance: weapons would Germany, Austriacause this) Hungary, and Italy Most advanced G/ A.H. had a shared country would win interest in the Balkans The Schlieffen Plan In the event of war Military leaders with Russia, Germany played an was to attack France increasingly first important role in France and Russia state politics were allies so France Alfred von Schlieffen: would declare war on Chief German Germany anywayGeneral, he came up because France was with Germany’s main more industrialized it war plan would be harder to defeat The Schlieffen Plan Germany should concentrate on France, swiftly attacking north through neutral states After France was taken over then they could concentrate on the Eastern front against Russia Russia and France Russia’s main plan of defense was to mobilize troops prior to war-due to the poor RR system they would not be able to mobilize troops as quickly as Germany Began mobilizing troops towards Germany French Plan XVII: concentration of troops in one specific area: Lorraine and Alsace However, left Paris exposed and the heartland of France exposed to a northern attack Assassination at Sarajevo June 28, 1914 in The assassination Sarajevo, Bosnia a 19 sparked WWI: year old (Gavrilo Germany was going Princip) killed the to support Austriadesignated heir to the Hungary and its Habsburg throne: plans in the Balkans Archduke Franz Austria-Hungary Ferdinand and his wanted to punish wife Sophie Serbia because Princip was apart of Princip was Serbian the Young Bosnian Society Assassination at Sarajevo On July 23, 1914 Austria presented Serbia with an ultimatum, which was deliberately harsh End to anti-Austrian activity and to allow Austrians to conduct an investigations in their country Serbia agreed to most demands, but offered to have several others settled by an international conference July 28 refused Serbia’s offer and declared war Assassination at Sarajevo Germany declared war on Russia-Aug. 1 and France-Aug. 3 July 28 (same day) France (mobilization) Russia also took on July 30 action and began Great Britain on Aug. mobilizing troops 4 after Germany toward the Austrian attacked neutral states border WW1 had now begun Italy-outside of the conflict Austria-Hungary and Russia pulled in their Austrian-Serbian war became a European allies wide conflict within a month World War I Alliance system Trenches: WWI guaranteed local disagreements warfare predicated (Balkans) would on speed and become international maneuverability, but conflicts on the western front Triple Entente: Italy almost immediately it and U.S. (1917) was limited to the Central Powers: trenches Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria World War I Trenches ran from the English Channel to Swiss border Machine guns, poison gas, and heavy artillery made short work of infantry Tanks, flame throwers, poison gas, and barbed wire World War I World War I German Offensive First Battle of the Marne: Sept. 6-10, Schlieffen Plan had 1914—Allies were been dedicated to the ready to attack principle that France weakened German could be swiftly troops eliminated Germans were forced Counterattacks by to drop back British and French forces halted the Allies victoriousGerman advance at strategic victory the Marne River because allies resisted German advance War on the Eastern Front Germany was now forced to fight a twofront war: western (France) and eastern (Russia) Eastern front wasn’t limited to trench warfare due to large border Tannenberg Forest1914: Russians suffered huge loss Masurian Lakes1914: Russians suffered huge loss Enjoyed success along southern front against Austria until Germans pushed them back (Limanowa) Russians suffered incredible losses (2 million)! Support for the war and government began to wane War on the Eastern Front By 1916 Russia’s war effort was near collapse Russia wasn’t industrialized and as a result they continually had shortages on food, guns, ammunition, clothing, boots, and blankets Moreover, the Allies were unable to ship supplies to Russian ports because the German fleet blocked the Baltic Sea and in the south the Ottomans controlled the Mediterranean and the Black Sea War on the Eastern Front Russian army had only one asset: its numbers Throughout the war the Russian army suffered enormous battlefield losses 2 million were killed, wounded, or captured in 1915 alone Yet the army continually rebuilt its ranks from the country’s enormous population For more than 3 yrs they diverted Germany’s full out assault in the west War on the Eastern Front By March 1917 civil However, war-weary unrest due to food Russian army refused and fuel shortages to fight any longer brought government Nov. 1917- second to brink of collapse revolution: Czar Nicholas, faced Communist leader with revolution, Vladimir Lenin abdicated his throne seized power-insisted on March 15 upon ending Russia’s involvement in the Provisional war government was established-pledged March 1918: truce: to continue fighting Treaty of Brestwar Litovsk (lost lands) War on the Western Front Now, the German military was free to transfer most of the eastern forces to the western front 1916 Verdun: small fortress in northeast France-German’s attacked. Wanted “to bleed the French white by virtue of our superiority in guns” French held their position ten horrifying months There was no real winners that emerged from the battle Causalities were high-700,000 dead War on the Western Front 1916 Somme: 7 mile advance-were successful, but at a total cost of 1 million lives Champagne 1917: French defeat Passchendaele offensive 1917 very limited success Realized “going over the top” in offensives wasn’t working Basically there was a stalemate on the western front…Allies attempted to open up new fronts Ottoman Empire Feb. 1915: Allies attacked Ottomans in the area of the Dardanelles-led to capital Constantinople If they could take Dardanelles they could supply Russians Known as the Gallipoli (Gaa-lip-Olee) campaign By May turned into another stalemate In Dec. Allies gave up campaign and evacuated Despite Gallipoli, Allies were still determined to defeat the Ottomans Ottomans/ Germans Allied armies took Baghdad, Jerusalem, and Damascus In Southwest Asia, the British helped Arab nationalists rise up against their Turkish rulers Asia and Africa: German colonial possessions came under assault -Japan British recruited subjects of German coloniesindependence Naval Battles: 1916 Jutland in the North Seano real winner Unrestricted submarine warfare: proved to be German's most effect naval weapon-attacked Allied and neutral ships 1915 sank Lusitania (British passenger ship) 1917: sank 3 American ships Total War Governments were WWI required the forced to establish mobilization of entire controls and to set up national populations state monopolies in to support the war order to guarantee the effort supplies necessary to wage war Women became increasingly Walter Rathenau(G) created government responsible for monopolies industrial production-weapons, Ministry of MunitionsDavid Lloyd George food, and public services Government diverted food supplies to troops Even took jobs with and rationed at home the military-clerical Silencing Dissent Years of sacrificing and scrimping were taking their toll on local populations Opposition grew and peace movements became increasingly popular Central Powerscriticism of government was seen as treason France/Englandresorted to rule by emergency police power to repress criticism Each state tried to encourage dissent in enemy territoryEaster Rebellion 1916 and British in German colonial territories Turning Point/ Victory 1917-18 1917 bad year for Allies: unrestricted submarine warfare began and Russia withdrew Every country-food riots, military desertions, and mutinies U.S. made large investments in Allied war effort (neutral state) 1917 Zimmerman note discovered: basically made a deal with Mexico that it could recover its lost lands the U.S. seized if when the U.S. entered the war it would support Germany and fight against the U.S. Turning Point/ Victory 1917-18 1917 U.S. entered the war American troops reinforced British and French while giving a boost of morale U.S. sent 2 million soldiers Showed Europe needed outside help to handle its affairschanged international politics March 1918 Germans make one last effort to defeat the Allies – Ludendorff offensive By May Germans had reached the Marne river (France) July 1918 second battle of the MarneAllies counterattacked Allies defeated Germany and began advance toward Germany Victory 1918 Nov. 9, 1918 Kaiser Wilhelm II (G) was forced to step down Germany declared itself a republic and a representative from the new German government met with Allies Signed an armistice or agreement to stop fighting Nov. 11, 1918 WWI came to an end Now turned toward peace settlement Settling the Peace Woodrow Wilson-US Georges Clemenceau-France David Lloyd GeorgeGreat Britain Wilson: 14 Points (liberal) 1-5 included end to secret treaties, freedom of the seas, trade, and reduction in national armies/ navies 6-13 suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations-self determination 14-proposed a general association of nations- League of Nations France/ Britain showed little sign of agreeing with Wilson-concerned with national security Settling the Peace League of NationsFrench also wanted keep peace to punish Germany (Germany and Conference of Russia excluded) Versailles began in Punished GermanyJanuary 1919 and ”war guilt” clause the treaty of (place sole Versailles was signed responsibility for the June 28, 1919 war on Germany and (5 yrs to the day after they had to pay the assassination of reparations to the Franz Ferdinand in Allies) Sarajevo) Settling the Peace Germany had to return AlsaceLimited the size of Lorraine to France the German military French border was Prohibited from extended to the west importing or bank of the Rhine manufacturing river weapons/ subs Germany Germany force to surrendered all of its pay Allies $33 billion overseas colonies in in reparations over Africa and the 30 years Pacific Failure of Treaty War Guilt Clause Exclusion of Russia Refusal of the U.S. Congress to endorse all aspects of the treaty Growing desire for isolationism in Great Britain Revolution and Russia 19171920 When WWI broke out However, soon the Russia was in the government returned midst of an industrial to repressive measure revolution to quell riots of 1905 Russian troops laborers and fired on labor peasants demonstrators in Workers (shut out of Petrograd and government) united initiated a revolution in independent labor After some reform, a organization…called national parliament, the soviets Duma, was introduced Revolution and Russia 19171920 Under gov. coercion, At onset of WWI, industrial output labor unrest resulted doubled between in numerous strikes 1914-17 while Between Jan.-July agricultural output 1914 Russia plummeted experienced 3500 Tsar left wife in strikes control of Tsar pressed government-Tsarina industrial production Alexandra and her to fight the war at the peasant adviser, expense of the Rasputinagricultural economy incompetent Revolution and Russia 19171920 In March 1917 workers’ groups again rebelled. This time the tsar abdicated his throne leaving a vacuum of power in Russia Power divided between soviets (workers) and Duma (Russian bourgeoisie) Couldn’t cooperate Further complicated by peasant rebellions and demands for land grants Provisional government led by the Duma supported war effort Revolution and Russia 19171920 Provisional government tried to get Russians to support war. Started the Women’s Battalion of Death in 1917 (all female unit to try and shame the men into fighting) and suffered 80% causalities Men were leaving the front and refused to fight After the tsar left, members of the intelligentsia (Russia’s educated class-exile for their political beliefs) rushed back Marxists or Social Democrats become popular Mensheviks (minority) wanted to achieve this by way of the Duma Bolsheviks (smaller) wanted to achieve this by way revolution Revolution and Russia 19171920 By 1917 Bolsheviks refused to work with Duma and took control of the Petrograd Soviet under the leadership of Vladimir Ulyanov…Vladimir Lenin wanted to lead peasant and workers in a socialist revolution against capitalism Lenin stated that Russia must withdraw from the war because it represented an imperialist struggle, benefiting capitalists As the war dragged on people became increasing dissatisfied with the Provisional government and the Duma Revolution and Russia 19171920 In Nov. the Red July 1917 national Guards, armed demonstrations in militia of the favor of the soviets Petrograd Soviet, against the seized the Russian Provisional capital –carefully government were met planned out by Lenin with repression and the Bolsheviks Aleksandr Kerenski, a moderate socialist, Takeover was easily achieved and a was named head of Bolshevik regime the government. under Lenin now Second Revolution ruled Russia Revolution and Russia 1917 Lenin immediately 1920 took Russia out of the war 1918 Treaty of BrestLitovsk-truce between Russia and Germany. Huge territorial losses (Baltic provinces) Some Russian military leaders refused to accept treaty and launched a civil war (White Armies) Despite Allies assistance the White Armies --were unable to overthrow the Bolsheviks In order to fight the civil war Lenin instituted a repressive dictatorship based on the authority of the secret police Millions of Russian soldiers died, millions of civilians died (dysentery/ disease/ famine) Conclusion European nations suffered significant losses of life, property, and productive capacity 37.5 million casualties National economies buckled under weight of war debts Governments turned to taxes, more loans, and currency inflation to reduce debts U.S. emerged as the “big winner” and was now officially a world power Russia engaged in an experimental society: communism