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War and Revolution 1914-1920
Chapter 26 Notes
The War Europe Expected
Alliance system was
Superiority in armed
for defense as well as
forces was a priority
to protect common
to European nations
interests
seeking to protect
Triple Entente:
peace
France/ Great Britain/
Modern war was to
Russia
be short (modern
Triple Alliance:
weapons would
Germany, Austriacause this)
Hungary, and Italy
Most advanced
G/ A.H. had a shared
country would win
interest in the Balkans
The Schlieffen Plan
In the event of war
Military leaders
with Russia, Germany
played an
was to attack France
increasingly
first
important role in
France and Russia
state politics
were allies so France
Alfred von Schlieffen:
would declare war on
Chief German
Germany anywayGeneral, he came up
because France was
with Germany’s main
more industrialized it
war plan
would be harder to
defeat
The Schlieffen Plan
Germany should
concentrate on
France, swiftly
attacking north
through neutral
states
After France was
taken over then they
could concentrate on
the Eastern front
against Russia
Russia and France
Russia’s main plan of
defense was to
mobilize troops prior
to war-due to the
poor RR system they
would not be able to
mobilize troops as
quickly as Germany
Began mobilizing
troops towards
Germany
French Plan XVII:
concentration of
troops in one specific
area: Lorraine and
Alsace
However, left Paris
exposed and the
heartland of France
exposed to a
northern attack
Assassination at Sarajevo
June 28, 1914 in
The assassination
Sarajevo, Bosnia a 19 sparked WWI:
year old (Gavrilo
Germany was going
Princip) killed the
to support Austriadesignated heir to the Hungary and its
Habsburg throne:
plans in the Balkans
Archduke Franz
Austria-Hungary
Ferdinand and his
wanted to punish
wife Sophie
Serbia because
Princip was apart of
Princip was Serbian
the Young Bosnian
Society
Assassination at Sarajevo
On July 23, 1914
Austria presented
Serbia with an
ultimatum, which
was deliberately
harsh
End to anti-Austrian
activity and to allow
Austrians to conduct
an investigations in
their country
Serbia agreed to
most demands, but
offered to have
several others settled
by an international
conference
July 28 refused
Serbia’s offer and
declared war
Assassination at Sarajevo
Germany declared war
on Russia-Aug. 1 and
France-Aug. 3
July 28 (same day)
France (mobilization)
Russia also took
on July 30
action and began
Great Britain on Aug.
mobilizing troops
4 after Germany
toward the Austrian
attacked neutral states
border
WW1 had now begun Italy-outside of the
conflict
Austria-Hungary and
Russia pulled in their Austrian-Serbian war
became a European
allies
wide conflict within a
month
World War I
Alliance system
Trenches: WWI
guaranteed local
disagreements
warfare predicated
(Balkans) would
on speed and
become international
maneuverability, but
conflicts
on the western front
Triple Entente: Italy
almost immediately it
and U.S. (1917)
was limited to the
Central Powers:
trenches
Ottoman Empire and
Bulgaria
World War I
Trenches ran from
the English Channel
to Swiss border
Machine guns,
poison gas, and
heavy artillery made
short work of
infantry
Tanks, flame
throwers, poison gas,
and barbed wire
World War I
World War I
German Offensive
First Battle of the
Marne: Sept. 6-10,
Schlieffen Plan had
1914—Allies were
been dedicated to the
ready to attack
principle that France
weakened German
could be swiftly
troops
eliminated
Germans were forced
Counterattacks by
to drop back
British and French
forces halted the
Allies victoriousGerman advance at
strategic victory
the Marne River
because allies
resisted German
advance
War on the Eastern Front
Germany was now
forced to fight a twofront war: western
(France) and eastern
(Russia)
 Eastern front wasn’t
limited to trench
warfare due to large
border
Tannenberg Forest1914: Russians
suffered huge loss
Masurian Lakes1914: Russians
suffered huge loss
Enjoyed success
along southern front
against Austria until
Germans pushed
them back
(Limanowa)
Russians suffered
incredible losses (2
million)! Support for
the war and
government began to
wane
War on the Eastern Front
By 1916 Russia’s war
effort was near
collapse
Russia wasn’t
industrialized and as
a result they
continually had
shortages on food,
guns, ammunition,
clothing, boots, and
blankets
Moreover, the Allies
were unable to ship
supplies to Russian
ports because the
German fleet blocked
the Baltic Sea and in
the south the
Ottomans controlled
the Mediterranean
and the Black Sea
War on the Eastern Front
Russian army had
only one asset: its
numbers
Throughout the war
the Russian army
suffered enormous
battlefield losses
2 million were killed,
wounded, or
captured in 1915
alone
Yet the army
continually rebuilt its
ranks from the
country’s enormous
population
For more than 3 yrs
they diverted
Germany’s full out
assault in the west
War on the Eastern Front
By March 1917 civil However, war-weary
unrest due to food
Russian army refused
and fuel shortages
to fight any longer
brought government Nov. 1917- second
to brink of collapse
revolution:
Czar Nicholas, faced
Communist leader
with revolution,
Vladimir Lenin
abdicated his throne
seized power-insisted
on March 15
upon ending Russia’s
involvement in the
Provisional
war
government was
established-pledged March 1918: truce:
to continue fighting
Treaty of Brestwar
Litovsk (lost lands)
War on the Western Front
Now, the German
military was free to
transfer most of the
eastern forces to the
western front
1916 Verdun: small
fortress in northeast
France-German’s
attacked. Wanted “to
bleed the French
white by virtue of our
superiority in guns”
French held their
position ten
horrifying months
There was no real
winners that emerged
from the battle
Causalities were
high-700,000 dead
War on the Western Front
1916 Somme: 7 mile
advance-were
successful, but at a
total cost of 1 million
lives
Champagne 1917:
French defeat
Passchendaele
offensive 1917 very
limited success
Realized “going over
the top” in offensives
wasn’t working
Basically there was a
stalemate on the
western front…Allies
attempted to open up
new fronts
Ottoman Empire
Feb. 1915: Allies
attacked Ottomans in
the area of the
Dardanelles-led to
capital
Constantinople
If they could take
Dardanelles they
could supply
Russians
Known as the
Gallipoli (Gaa-lip-Olee) campaign
By May turned into
another stalemate
In Dec. Allies gave
up campaign and
evacuated
Despite Gallipoli,
Allies were still
determined to defeat
the Ottomans
Ottomans/ Germans
Allied armies took
Baghdad, Jerusalem,
and Damascus
In Southwest Asia,
the British helped
Arab nationalists rise
up against their
Turkish rulers
Asia and Africa:
German colonial
possessions came
under assault -Japan
 British recruited subjects
of German coloniesindependence
 Naval Battles: 1916
Jutland in the North Seano real winner
 Unrestricted submarine
warfare: proved to be
German's most effect
naval weapon-attacked
Allied and neutral ships
 1915 sank Lusitania
(British passenger ship)
 1917: sank 3 American
ships
Total War
 Governments were
WWI required the
forced to establish
mobilization of entire
controls and to set up
national populations
state monopolies in
to support the war
order to guarantee the
effort
supplies necessary to
wage war
Women became
increasingly
 Walter Rathenau(G)
created government
responsible for
monopolies
industrial
production-weapons,  Ministry of MunitionsDavid Lloyd George
food, and public
services
 Government diverted
food supplies to troops
Even took jobs with
and rationed at home
the military-clerical
Silencing Dissent
Years of sacrificing
and scrimping were
taking their toll on
local populations
Opposition grew and
peace movements
became increasingly
popular
Central Powerscriticism of
government was seen
as treason
France/Englandresorted to rule by
emergency police
power to repress
criticism
Each state tried to
encourage dissent in
enemy territoryEaster Rebellion
1916 and British in
German colonial
territories
Turning Point/ Victory 1917-18
1917 bad year for
Allies: unrestricted
submarine warfare
began and Russia
withdrew
Every country-food
riots, military
desertions, and
mutinies
U.S. made large
investments in Allied
war effort (neutral
state)
1917 Zimmerman
note discovered:
basically made a
deal with Mexico that
it could recover its
lost lands the U.S.
seized if when the
U.S. entered the war
it would support
Germany and fight
against the U.S.
Turning Point/ Victory 1917-18
1917 U.S. entered the
war
American troops
reinforced British
and French while
giving a boost of
morale
U.S. sent 2 million
soldiers
Showed Europe
needed outside help
to handle its affairschanged
international politics
 March 1918 Germans
make one last effort to
defeat the Allies –
Ludendorff offensive
 By May Germans had
reached the Marne
river (France)
 July 1918 second
battle of the MarneAllies counterattacked
 Allies defeated
Germany and began
advance toward
Germany
Victory 1918
Nov. 9, 1918 Kaiser
Wilhelm II (G) was
forced to step down
Germany declared
itself a republic and
a representative from
the new German
government met with
Allies
Signed an armistice
or agreement to stop
fighting
Nov. 11, 1918 WWI
came to an end
Now turned toward
peace settlement
Settling the Peace
Woodrow Wilson-US
Georges
Clemenceau-France
David Lloyd GeorgeGreat Britain
Wilson: 14 Points
(liberal)
1-5 included end to
secret treaties,
freedom of the seas,
trade, and reduction
in national armies/
navies
6-13 suggestions for
changing borders
and creating new
nations-self
determination
14-proposed a
general association
of nations- League of
Nations
France/ Britain
showed little sign of
agreeing with
Wilson-concerned
with national
security
Settling the Peace
League of NationsFrench also wanted
keep peace
to punish Germany
(Germany
and
Conference of
Russia excluded)
Versailles began in
Punished GermanyJanuary 1919 and
”war guilt” clause
the treaty of
(place sole
Versailles was signed
responsibility for the
June 28, 1919
war
on
Germany
and
(5 yrs to the day after
they had to pay
the assassination of
reparations to the
Franz Ferdinand in
Allies)
Sarajevo)
Settling the Peace
Germany had to
return AlsaceLimited the size of
Lorraine to France
the German military
French border was
Prohibited from
extended to the west
importing or
bank of the Rhine
manufacturing
river
weapons/ subs
Germany
Germany force to
surrendered all of its
pay Allies $33 billion
overseas colonies in
in reparations over
Africa and the
30 years
Pacific
Failure of Treaty
War Guilt Clause
Exclusion of Russia
Refusal of the U.S.
Congress to endorse
all aspects of the
treaty
Growing desire for
isolationism in Great
Britain
Revolution and Russia 19171920
When WWI broke out However, soon the
Russia was in the
government returned
midst of an industrial
to repressive measure
revolution
to quell riots of
1905 Russian troops
laborers and
fired on labor
peasants
demonstrators in
Workers (shut out of
Petrograd and
government) united
initiated a revolution
in independent labor
After some reform, a
organization…called
national parliament,
the soviets
Duma, was
introduced
Revolution and Russia 19171920
Under gov. coercion,
At onset of WWI,
industrial output
labor unrest resulted
doubled between
in numerous strikes
1914-17 while
Between Jan.-July
agricultural output
1914 Russia
plummeted
experienced 3500
Tsar left wife in
strikes
control of
Tsar pressed
government-Tsarina
industrial production
Alexandra and her
to fight the war at the
peasant adviser,
expense of the
Rasputinagricultural economy
incompetent
Revolution and Russia 19171920
In March 1917
workers’ groups
again rebelled. This
time the tsar
abdicated his throne
leaving a vacuum of
power in Russia
Power divided
between soviets
(workers) and Duma
(Russian
bourgeoisie)
Couldn’t cooperate
Further complicated
by peasant rebellions
and demands for
land grants
Provisional
government led by
the Duma supported
war effort
Revolution and Russia 19171920
Provisional
government tried to
get Russians to
support war. Started
the Women’s
Battalion of Death in
1917 (all female unit
to try and shame the
men into fighting)
and suffered 80%
causalities
Men were leaving the
front and refused to
fight
 After the tsar left,
members of the
intelligentsia (Russia’s
educated class-exile for
their political beliefs)
rushed back
 Marxists or Social
Democrats become
popular
 Mensheviks (minority)
wanted to achieve this by
way of the Duma
 Bolsheviks (smaller)
wanted to achieve this by
way revolution
Revolution and Russia 19171920
 By 1917 Bolsheviks
refused to work with
Duma and took control
of the Petrograd Soviet
under the leadership of
Vladimir
Ulyanov…Vladimir
Lenin wanted to lead
peasant and workers in
a socialist revolution
against capitalism
 Lenin stated that
Russia must withdraw
from the war because
it represented an
imperialist struggle,
benefiting capitalists
 As the war dragged on
people became
increasing dissatisfied
with the Provisional
government and the
Duma
Revolution and Russia 19171920
In Nov. the Red
July 1917 national
Guards, armed
demonstrations in
militia of the
favor of the soviets
Petrograd Soviet,
against the
seized the Russian
Provisional
capital –carefully
government were met
planned out by Lenin
with repression
and the Bolsheviks
Aleksandr Kerenski,
a moderate socialist, Takeover was easily
achieved and a
was named head of
Bolshevik regime
the government.
under Lenin now
Second Revolution
ruled Russia
Revolution and Russia 1917 Lenin immediately 1920
took Russia out of the
war
 1918 Treaty of BrestLitovsk-truce between
Russia and Germany.
Huge territorial losses
(Baltic provinces)
 Some Russian military
leaders refused to
accept treaty and
launched a civil war
(White Armies)
 Despite Allies
assistance the White
Armies
--were unable to
overthrow the
Bolsheviks
 In order to fight the
civil war Lenin
instituted a repressive
dictatorship based on
the authority of the
secret police
 Millions of Russian
soldiers died, millions
of civilians died
(dysentery/ disease/
famine)
Conclusion
European nations
suffered significant
losses of life,
property, and
productive capacity
37.5 million
casualties
National economies
buckled under weight
of war debts
Governments turned
to taxes, more loans,
and currency
inflation to reduce
debts
U.S. emerged as the
“big winner” and
was now officially a
world power
Russia engaged in an
experimental society:
communism