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Chapter 11 The Expanding Nation (1800-1815) Chapter 11 The Expanding Nation (1800-1815) Section 1 Jefferson as President The Republican Victory Thomas Jefferson (Republican) won the election of 1800 Republican Party won control of both houses of Congress – Jefferson had support for many of his plans Inauguration marked the first time one political party had replaced another in power in the U.S. – proof the U.S. could change leaders peacefully Rare achievement for a government at that time Jefferson supported will of majority Did not favor mob rule as Federalists had claimed Tried to comfort Federalists by promising to run the government fairly – would not let party politics interfere Jefferson in Office Jefferson faced task of putting Republican ideas into practice Selected members of his cabinet James Madison – Secretary of State Albert Gallatin – Secretary of the Treasury Lowered military spending, reduced the size of the army (to 3,200), navy cut to 7 active ships – opposed by Federalists Hoped saving money would allow them to pay down national debt Wanted to get rid of domestic taxes (ex. Tax on whiskey) Even wanted to close down agencies that collected taxes Republican-led Congress passed laws needed to carry out policies Agreed to let Bank of United States continue as it was under Federalists Jefferson in Office (continued) Jefferson had planned to allow Federalists to keep their government jobs, but his party pressured him to replace them with Republicans Under pressure from both parties, he replaced some but not all Marbury vs. Madison Before Jefferson took office, Federalists passed a new law that created many new judgeships and other court offices Before his term ended, Adams had appointed dozens of Federalists – called the “midnight judges” by some because Adams waited until the last minute on his last day in office When Jefferson took office some Federalists Adams chose had not received their commissions Jefferson ordered Secretary of State James Madison not to give out the papers Marbury vs. Madison (continued) William Marbury affected by this decision Demanded the Supreme Court force the executive branch to hand over his commission Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the Supreme Court the right to do this Chief Justice John Marshall – a Federalist appointed by Adams agreed to hear Marbury’s case Marbury v. Madison (continued) Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v. Madison – all justices agreed Marbury had been treated unfairly Question = did the Supreme Court have the power to force Madison to give Marbury his commission? Judiciary Act of 1789 = yes Chief Justice Marshall = no – he did not think the Constitution allowed Congress to give the Supreme Court new powers Judiciary Act of 1789 = unconstitutional Marshall’s ruling established the power of judicial review – allows the Supreme Court to declare an act of Congress to be unconstitutional – greatly increased the Court’s legal authority Chapter 11 The Expanding Nation (1800-1815) Section 2 The Louisiana Purchase French Louisiana Napoleon conquered much of Europe Wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North America First send troops to Louisiana, replace Spain as key European power in western N.A. Defeat in St. Domingue kept him from sending troops St. Domingue (present-day Haiti) – led by Toussaint Louverture, enslaved Africans took over the colony Napoleon needed control of this island to use as a supply base U.S. leaders suspicious when France regained control of Louisiana – France could block western growth of the U.S. and interfere with trade The Louisiana Purchase Jefferson wanted to keep the French from controlling New Orleans but did not want war Robert Livingston, U.S. Ambassador to France, and James Monroe were told to try to buy New Orleans and West Florida Talleyrand did not want to sell just New Orleans; asked for offer on all of Louisiana Napoleon willing to sell Louisiana because France was about to go to war against Great Britain, did not want to fight U.S. too French still had no troops in Louisiana Napoleon wanted money to buy supplies for armies in Europe U.S. owning Louisiana would challenge Great Britain’s power in North America Congress authorized $10 million to buy Louisiana however Livingston and Monroe agreed to buy for $15 million The Louisiana Purchase (continued) Treaty of purchase signed May 2, 1803 Jefferson = strict constructionist – did not believe the constitution allowed him to buy the territory Agreed to the purchase because he believed it was best for the country Senate approved the treaty October 20, 1803 With the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S. almost doubled in size Louisiana territory stretched west from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains Mission of Discovery Little was known about western American Indians or western lands Jefferson wanted to see if there was a river route to the Pacific Ocean Jefferson asked Congress to fund a western expedition led by Meriwether Lewis Lewis chose William Clark to be co-leader Told to explore the Missouri River, form peaceful relations with American Indians To prepare Lewis studied botany, surveying, etc.; gathered supplies Lewis and Clark selected frontiersmen to join their Corps of Discovery The Lewis and Clark Expedition Started in St. Louis of present-day Missouri in May 1804 Corps of Discovery traveled up the Missouri River, encountered Mandan and Sioux Sacagawea, a Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains, and her husband, a French fur trader who lived with the Mandan, offered to guide the expedition Lewis and Clark kept journals regarding the people, places, things they encountered – trip = long, difficult, exhausting After crossing the Rocky Mountains, they followed the Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean Were not successful in finding a river route across the West Learned much about western lands and paths across the Rockies Established contact with many American Indian groups Collected a lot of information about western plants and animals Arrived by canoe back in St. Louis in late Sept. 1806 Pike’s Exploration Zebulon Pike sent on mission to the West to find the starting point of the Red River Runs through Louisiana and along part of the northern border of present-day Texas Believed by the U.S. to be part of the Louisiana Territory’s southwestern border with New Spain Pike may have had instructions to spy on Spanish outposts in the Southwest Led small expedition to the Rocky Mountains Tried to climb the mountain known today as Pikes Peak Headed south in to present-day New Mexico Pike imprisoned by the Spanish while exploring along the Rio Grande in Spanish-held lands Accused of being a spy Chapter 11 The Expanding Nation (1800-1815) Section 3 The Coming of War Danger on the High Seas Algiers = one of several North African lands known as the Barbary States Countries practiced piracy, held foreign citizens captive for ransom U.S. originally agreed to make payments to them to protect their ships and citizens Eventually refused to pay, send U.S. Navy to end pirate raids U.S. faced greater threats on high seas Great Britain and France went to war in 1803 – U.S. drawn into conflict Each country wanted to stop the U.S. from supplying goods and war materials to the other Britain passed series of acts allowing British navy to search and seize ships carrying war supplies to France; French declared no country could ship supplies to Britain Danger on the High Seas (continued) Many American merchants ignored foreign laws British and French navies captured many American merchant ships British searched for sailors who ran away from British navy Forced them back to the ship, sometimes Americans by accident (impressment – forcing people to serve in the army or navy) British (Leopard) ship stopped U.S navy ship (Chesapeake) – tried to remove 4 sailors U.S. Captain refused, British opened fire and took 4 sailors by force A Trade War Debates over how to respond to Great Britain’s violations of U.S. neutrality Some said war, others favored an embargo – banning of trade against Britain Jefferson and Republicans favored an embargo Embargo Act – law banned trade with foreign countries; hoped to punish Britain and France and protect American ships from capture Main effect was to hurt American merchants – lost great deal of money Popularity of the Federalist Party rose, Jefferson’s support fell as embargo continued Act had little effect on Britain or France; American merchants smuggled goods to Europe Non-Intercourse Act – replaced the Embargo Act in 1809 banned trade only with Britain, France and their colonies Stated U.S. would start trading with the first side that stopped violating U.S. neutrality (wanted to pressure Britain and France to stop taking American ships) The Rise of Tecumseh British, American Indians and American settlers clashed in the west Early 1800s, thousands of American setters entered the Northwest Territory Started farms and settlements on what had once been American Indian land U.S. gained control of much through Treaty of Greenville – upset American Indians leaders who did not agree to the treaty Britain wanted to stop rapid western growth to protect its interests in Canada Did not want to fight U.S., but gave military aid to American Indian nations in the Northwest Territory Tecumseh – Shawnee chief – skilled military leader and brilliant speaker Hoped to unite American Indians of the Northwest Territory, the South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley Founded village for followers near the Wabash and Tippecanoe Rivers War on the Frontier William Henry Harrison – governor of Indiana Territory – believed Tecumseh to be a serious threat to American power Harrison and Tecumseh met Harrison urged him to follow treaties Tecumseh stated no single chief could sell land belonging to all American Indians who used it Harrison warned him not resist power of U.S. Tecumseh traveled south to get the Creek nation to join forces Harrison decided to attack while he was away Battle of Tippecanoe – began when Prophet ordered an attack on Harrison’s camp early on November 7, 1811 All-day battle – Harrison’s soldiers forced American Indian forces to retreat Destroyed Tecumseh’s village The War Debate Frontier fighting angered many Americans Believed Britain had encouraged Tecumseh to attack settlers in the West War Hawks – members of Congress who favored war against Great Britain War = only answer to Britain’s insults Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South Carolina Strongest in west and south Believed war would give U.S. chance to expand New England Federalists = strongest opponents of War Hawks British trade restrictions and impressment hurt New England’s economy Wanted to renew friendly business ties Other anti-war politicians believed the U.S. was not strong enough to fight Britain U.S. army and navy small and poorly equipped A Declaration of War President James Madison (Republican) elected 1808 – “Father of the Constitution” Faced difficulty of carrying on the trade war Felt growing pressure from War Hawks Madison addressed Congress on June 1, 1812 Described Britain’s conduct Complained about Britain’s impressment of American sailors and violation of U.S. neutrality Britain was in “a state of war against the U.S.” Called on Congress to decide what the nation should do Representatives from southern and western states voted for war Delaware, New England states, New York, New Jersey, and Pennsylvania voted for peace War Hawks won – for the first time in U.S. history, Congress declared war Madison reelected in 1812 – served as commander in chief during the War of 1812 Chapter 11 The Expanding Nation (1800-1815) Section 4 The War of 1812 The War at Sea U.S.S. Constitution – “Old Ironsides” – won one of the first battles of the War of 1812 At the start of the war, the British navy had hundreds of ships, the U.S. navy had fewer than 20 U.S. advantages U.S. government licensed privately owned ships to help the U.S. Navy by attacking British merchant ships (privateers) British navy’s ships were scattered around the world U.S. Navy = well-trained sailors and new warships such as the Constitution Carried more cannons that most British ships U.S. victories raised American morale and embarrassed the British British blockaded American seaports and captured American merchant ships The Canadian Border American leaders planned to invade Canada with three separate armies Expected French Canadians to welcome U.S. troops, but were met with surprising resistance British joined with American Indians led by Tecumseh in July 1812 to defeat an American army and capture Fort Detroit Other American forces had to retreat when militia members refused to cross the Canadian border By end of 1812, British controlled strategic Great Lakes region U.S. troops burned Canadian capital, York in April 1813 Captain Oliver Hazard Perry (Navy) led Americans at Battle of Lake Erie – British surrendered Perry sent message “We have met the enemy and they are ours” Forced British to withdraw, gave U.S. army new hope The Frontier War Harrison took advantage of Perry’s victory by pursuing British and American Indian allies into Canada Battle of the Thames – U.S. victory American cavalry charged British force British defenses broke apart; American Indians continued fighting Tecumseh killed (weakened threat of an American IndianBritish alliance in the Great Lakes), Indian forces retreated Creek Indians took up arms against U.S. in 1813 Chief Red Eagle led Creek forces to destroy Fort Mims in present-day Alabama General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee) led his troops south to fight the Creek Battle of Horseshoe Bend - attacked the main Creek base on the Tallapoosa River Victory for Jackson and troops Red Eagle surrendered, ended the Creek War Led to treaty that forced the Creek to give up millions of acres of land The British on the Offensive Situation in the east grew worse despite U.S. success in the south and west Britain defeated France in April 1814, could send more troops to U.S. Strengthened blockade of ports British moved to attack the U.S. capital President Madison and cabinet forced to flee British set fire to the White House and other government buildings Response to Americans’ earlier burning of British capital in Canada British sailed on to Baltimore, Maryland – guarded by Fort McHenry Americans refused to surrender, British chose to retreat rather than continue to fight The Battle of New Orleans From Caribbean bases, British attacked New Orleans Hoped to recapture city, control Mississippi River Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. forces around New Orleans Battle of New Orleans – began January 8, 1815 5300 British troops vs. 4500 Americans British marched through early morning fog, when it cleared they were exposed to heavy artillery fire More than 2000 British killed or wounded vs. 70 U.S. casualties – U.S. victory Ending the War Hartford Convention – New England Federalists gather to oppose the war (before the Battle of New Orleans) Some wanted New England to withdraw from the U.S. Moderate members convinced the convention to send a delegation to meet with Congress to try to increase states’ rights Many critics accused Federalists of treason Attempt to challenge power of the national government caused them to lose much of their political power Treaty of Ghent – signed on December 24, 1814 before the Battle of New Orleans took place War ended when U.S. and British diplomats decided to end the war Each nation returned the territory it conquered Diplomats did not find solutions to the problems of impressment or trade embargoes Agreed to address remaining issues once there was peace