Download Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era

Chapter 9
The Jefferson Era
The Republicans Take Power
Section 1
The Election of 1800
 The election was between Thomas
Jefferson, his running mate and
President Adams.
 Neither of them traveled to spread
their views but used letters that
would be sent to Newspapers and
leading citizens to express their
views and slander one another.
 The election resulted in a tie in the
electoral college.
Election Dead Lock
 Then it was sent to the House of Representatives where the
votes also resulted in a tie for 35 ballots.
 Alexander Hamilton urged The House of Representatives to
make a decision leading to one Federalists to change his vote.
 Congress then passed the 12th Amendment in 1804-making
electors vote for the President and Vice President on separate
ballots.
Jefferson’s Policies
 His goal was to try to limit the federal governments role. The
French called this idea Laissez Faire-let the people choose.
 He did this by relying on the farmers to keep the United States
independent and reducing the size of the Military. This idea
led him to moving West!
Jefferson’s Cabinet
 Jefferson named James Madison as the Secretary of State and Albert
Gallatin as the Secretary of Treasury .
 This cabinet ended the Alien and Sedition Act and the
Naturalization Act because they interfered with the people’s liberties.
 They also cut costs.
 By getting rid of federal internal taxes and started taxing custom dutiestaxes on foreign imported goods and the sale of western lands.
 They wanted the federal government to be only control the mail,
collecting the custom duties and conducting the census every 10 years
Jefferson and the Courts
 The Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed by President John Adams
right before he left office. The Act set up the regional courts that
included the appointment of 16 judges along with 100s of other
people.
 This included the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall
 Adams and Marshall appointed all of these people so last minute
that they were up all night long getting the paperwork in. It was
called the “Midnight Judges”
Case of Marbury vs.
Madison
 Marbury was one of the “Midnight Judges” that was left to be appointed
when Jefferson took office. He decided to have James Madison hold the
paperwork on Marbury.
 Marbury took his case to the Supreme Court where it was denied by John
Marshall. It was claimed invalid under the Judiciary Act of 1739
 This case made John Marshall reevaluate what the Supreme Court would
do.

The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land

When there is a conflict between the Constitution and any other law, the
constitution must be followed

The Judicial branch be able to determine when federal law conflicts with the
constitution and to nullify, or cancel unconstitutional laws.
The Louisiana Purchase
Section 2
The French Threat
 In 1802, Spain decided to cut off American goods through
New Orleans because they were making an agreement with the
French that transferred the Louisiana Territory.
 Napoleon Bonaparte was the French leader that planned to set
up an empire in America and Europe.
 Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France to negotiate with
Napoleon for the New Orleans and Florida territories.
The Nation Expands
 Napoleon tried to get control over the Santo Domingo naval
base so that he could start an empire within the Americas.
 When he failed, there was no longer any use of the Louisiana
Territory to him.
 He began to focus more on the war between France and Great
Britain. He sold the land to the United States for $15 million
 Jefferson and Robert Livingston didn’t technically have the
power to buy land. The Senate ultimately approved of the
purchase.
Lewis and Clark
 The United States wanted to know what
was in the new Territory so they sent
Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to
explore the Land.
 Both of whom had military background
and were friends/did business with the
Native Americans.
 They took with them experts in all fields
to help them survive the journey.
Pike’s Expedition
(1805-1807)
 Zebulon Pike was a Lieutenant
who led a second Expedition
even before Lewis and Clark
returned.
 He traveled up the Mississippi
River Valley into what we know
call Colorado
 He founded Grand Peak; today
we call this Pikes Peak
Federalists Plan to Secede
 The Federalists opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they
feared that the new states would be Republican.
 The people in Massachusetts planned to secede- withdraw from
the Union (United States); They wanted New England to form a
“Northern Confederacy”
 They turned to Aaron Burr to run for governor of New York so
start the process of their succession from the Union.
 This lead to the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander
Hamilton.
A Time of Conflict
Section 3
Americans in Foreign Seas
 Trade to and from China and India brought profit to China and
goods like tea and silk to the Americas
 France and Britain didn’t use the sea as regularly as the Americas
because they didn’t have the money to support the voyages
because they were fighting a war against each other.
 Even though the sea was open to America, China and India,
Barbary Pirates made the sea very dangerous
 They made trade ships pay a tribute-protection money to let people
trade with Europe.
 www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ui8OCiZsWGw barbary pirates
War with Tripoli
 Jefferson refused to pay the
demands of the pirates which
resulted in the Tripoli citizens
cutting down the American flag.
THIS IS WAR!!
 During the fighting the warship
Philadelphia was captured along
with the crew.
 Stephan Decatur took a small crew
into Tripoli harbor and burned the
The war ended with the U.S. paying
Tripoli $60,000 for the U.S. prisoners.
Neutral Rights Violated
 Great Britain and France were at war but agreed that if the United
States stayed neutral then we could sail the seas freely.
 This was called neutral rights- a nation not involved in conflicts.
 Years later the nations became fed up with the “Neutrality” of the
United States.
 This led to the blockade of the French coast and searching of the ships
that traded with Britain.
American Sailors Kidnapped
 British ships tended to have terrible living conditions making the
sailors want to flee the ships
 The British searched and seized many of the American trade ships
and seized anyone who they thought was a deserter.
 This led to many Americans having to serve the British. The
practice of forcing people to serve in the Navy was called
impressment.
Attack on the Chesapeake
 The British waited for the U.S. naval ship, the Chesapeake, to
leave the Virginian harbor before the Leopard attacked and
searched the ship.
 They ended up destroying the ship killing 3 and left wounded
18.
 Jefferson decided not to go to war with Britain which Madison
did not agree with.
Disastrous Trade Ban
 The attack on Chesapeake had to be dealt with so Jefferson
tried to ban trade with the British.
 In 1807 the Embargo Act was passed by the Republican
Congress, prohibiting trade with another country.
 British began to trade with Latin America and now the U.S.
was cut off from the rest of the world.
 The act was then repealed and replaced with the Nonintercourse Act-only excluded trade with the British and the
French.
War Fever
 By this time Jefferson had left office and James Madison was
now the President.
 Madison felt that war was in his midst because British Ships
continued to stop the Americans.
 Congress passed a law allowing the U.S. to trade with either
the British or the French depending on who lifted the trade
restrictions first.
The War of 1812
Section 4
War Begins
 General William Hull led the American army from Detroit to
Canada to fight the British, which ended with the Americans
surrendering.
 A second attempt was tried by General William H. Harrison who
again tries to take control in Canada.
Naval Battles
 Commander Oliver Hazard Perry could see the British from
Ohio which ultimately got him control of Lake Erie.
 After the British lost Lake Erie they began to retreat with their
Native American allies into the Detroit region.
 This lead to the Battle of Thames where the Tecumseh leader was
killed.
 In 1813 America had control of both land and sea.
Setbacks for Native
Americans
 When Tecumseh died the Native American’s plans of a
confederation died with him.
 Andrew Jackson attacked the Creeks in the Mississippi
Territory where his troops killed 550 of the Creek people.
 This battle was known as Battle of Horseshoe Bend- it broke
the resistance and forced the Native Americans to give up their
land to the Americans.
The British Offense
 The British attacked
through the Chesapeake
Bay allowing them access
to the city of Washington
D.C.
 The British burned down
the capitol and the
President’s Mansion
Battles
Baltimore Holds Firm
Defeat at Plattsburgh
 The city barricaded roads,
blocked harbors, and had
13,000 militiamen.

General Sir George Prevost
wanted to capture the city of
Plattsburgh to gain control of the
Lake Champlain.
 Francis Scott Key wrote the
Star-Spangled Banner after he
saw the flag flying over Fort
McHenry on September 13-14th.

The British fleet was defeated by
American ships so the British
retreated back to Canada.

This battle ENDED the War of
1812 with the Battle of Champlain.
The War Ends
 Americans and the British signed a treaty in Ghent, Belgium
called the Treaty of Ghent- didn’t change any existing borders.
 Before the treaty was signed there was the Battle of New
Orleans that was led by Andrew Jackson.
 This defeat made Andrew Jackson a hero and this ultimately
helped him win the election of 1828
American Nationalism
 Federalists in New England opposed Madison’s war so they
formed a committee called the Hartford Convention in
Connecticut.
 This convention met to discuss if the Federalists wanted to
stay in the Union.
 Once they heard of the victory in New Orleans and the treaty
they felt unpatriotic for having the meeting.