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America at War and Peace, 1801 - 1824 Chapter 8 Captain Thomas Macdonough and his crew celebrate their victory over the British in the Battle of Lake Champlain, August 24, 1812. The Age of Jefferson Jefferson and Jeffersonianism Inaugural address conciliatory American pride still existed but also problems in the USA Eventually split of his party over slavery Was a learned man Sally Hemings showed his hypocrisy Believe in states’ rights For farmers, against cities Jefferson’s Revolution and the Judiciary Said his election was a revolution ◦ Repeal of many taxes ◦ Closed embassies overseas ◦ Reduced the army Repealed Judiciary Act of 1801 Marbury v Madison 1803 established judicial review Attempted to impeach Federalist judges – Pickering removed, Chase saved Louisiana Purchase, 1803 1800 Spain returned Louisiana to France, Jefferson appalled 1802 revoked “right of deposit” of USA to use port of New Orleans Jefferson sent James Monroe and Robert Livingston to Paris to try to buy Louisiana, at same time Bonaparte giving up on efforts in Caribbean – sold for $15 million Jefferson stuck: nothing in Constitution said he could buy it but he knew it would guarantee land to farmers Federalists opposed purchase but he ratified treaty quickly to stop opposition: doubled size of US, moved European presence from borders, extended western lands beyond Mississippi, increased Jefferson’s popularity, showed Federalists were weak and sectionalist THE LOUISIANA PURCHASE AND THE EXPLORATION OF THE WEST Election 1804 Jefferson’s purchase left Federalists without popular national issue, main challenge was Burr again 1804 12th Amendment so Burr dumped from ticket due to intrigues Jefferson won overwhelming victory Lewis and Clark Instructed to trace Missouri River to its source, cross western highlands, follow best water route to the Pacific Set out from St. Louis May 1804 in a group of 50 Toussaint Charbonneau and Sacajawea helped November 1805 reached Pacific and returned to St. Louis with facts about the newly acquired land The Gathering Storm Challenges on the Home Front Burr entered into series of intrigues with High Federalists in New England when denied 2nd term ◦ Plot to sever Union by forming pro-British Northern Confederacy ◦ Gained nomination for governorship of New York but defeated when Hamilton spoke against him ◦ Challenged Hamilton to a duel and murdered Hamilton ◦ Allied himself with General James Wilkinson Create independent confederacy of western states 1806 Jefferson denounced conspiracy, Wilkinson abandoned plot Burr tried for treason, found not guilty but under indictment for Hamilton’s murder fled to Europe Tried to get Napoleon to make peace with Britain to invade USA Suppression of American Trade and Impressment Jefferson also faced challenge from within his party by Quids US merchants prospered when British and French resumed their war in Europe British Rule of 1756 – any trade closed during peacetime couldn’t be reopened US responded with broken voyage; British declared it illegal ◦ British decrees called “Orders in Council” established a blockade of French-controlled ports in Europe ◦ Napoleon responded with Continental System – but weakly enforced when most of the French fleet destroyed at Battle of Trafalgar ◦ Effect was virtual outlaw of US trade – British right off US coast, most humiliating of the two; also impressed soldiers Tripolitan War 1801 – 1805 with Barbary States Chesapeake-Leopard Affair – boarded US ship and took 4 men Embargo Act 1807 Prohibited vessels from leaving American ports for foreign ports – “absolute succession” Contained loopholes – captains reported wind blew them across the Atlantic Napoleon seized US ships and said was “helping” the embargo US felt harsh effects: unemployment, bankrupt merchants, jails swelled with debtors, farmers devastated Forced diversion of merchants’ capital into manufacturing James Madison and the Failure of Peaceable Coercion Republicans run James Madison; Federalists run Charles Pinckney – Madison wins Federalists revival in Congress because: they campaign, Embargo Act Dolley Madison was political asset Replaced Embargo Act with Non-Intercourse Act – trade opened to all countries but France and Britain May 1810 began Macon’s Bill No. 2 – if either country repealed restrictions on neutral trade, US would break off trade with the other – was a fiasco Madison came under fire from war hawks Tecumseh and the Prophet War hawks wanted expulsion of British from Canada and Spanish from Florida Jefferson thought Natives and whites could leave peaceably if they became farmers William Henry Harrison 1809 broke with president and got Treaty of Fort Wayne ◦ Outraged tribes not a part of it ◦ Shawnee chief Tecumseh and the Prophet – preached Natives should return to old way ◦ Said land belonged to collectively to all tribes ◦ Led to Battle of Tippecanoe Harrison became national hero beating Natives Discredited the Prophet Elevated Tecumseh among tribes Persuaded Tecumseh alliance with British necessary Congress Votes for War 1812 Madison sends war message to Congress due to impressment, continued presence of British ships in US waters, British violation of neutral rights, British incitement of Natives British suspended Orders in Council, but too late Votes of Democratic-Republicans in populous states propelled war declaration through Congress, opposition did exist from Federalists and Quids Madison understood British saw US as trading rival and wanted to eliminate the US Canada War of 1812 or “Mr. Madison’s War” ◦ US led unsuccessful attacks Detroit Battle of Queenston Niagara British Offensive ◦ Began 1814 with new reinforcements ◦ British defeated at Plattsburgh 9/11 ◦ British had success at Battle of Bladensburg – hit Washington, burned the White House ◦ Attacked Baltimore but failed Naval Battles ◦ Old Ironsides – sunk British ship ◦ Put-in-Bay – US reclaimed Detroit ◦ Battle of Thames River – Tecumseh died Treaty of Ghent and Hartford Convention 1814 negotiations to end war began in Belgium Signed December 24, 1814 – restored status quo Federalists upset and spoke about succession because: ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Military setbacks intensified their disdain for Madison Madison epitomized 10 years of misrule Jefferson’s attack on judiciary threatened rule of law Louisiana Purchase was constitutionally dubious War of 1812 brought misery due to blockade Attempted Hartford Convention to air grievances Most stunning victory was after treaty was signed – led by Andrew Jackson at the Battle of New Orleans ◦ Devastating effects on Federalists – Jackson’s victory dashed their hopes of gaining broad support ◦ 1816 Monroe’s victory and 1820 reelection ends the Federalist party Madison’s Nationalism and Era of Good Feelings, 1817 - 1824 War of 1812 had three consequences ◦ Eliminated Federalists ◦ Convinced Republicans that the nation and its liberties were strong ◦ Republicans embraced doctrines associated with Federalists Madison 1815 called for federal support for internal improvements in the USA – but felt needed constitutional amendment to do it, so vetoed bill before he left in 1817 Henry Clay called for American System: tariff, internal improvements, a national bank 1816 US charted Second Bank of the United States Some Democratic-Republicans adopted Federalist policies – called Era of Good Feelings but still disagreements about the role of Federal government and slavery Cultural nationalism too: paintings, Noah Webster John Marshall and the Supreme Court Issued opinions that stunned Democratic-Republicans ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ Fletcher v Peck Martin v. Hunter’s Lease Dartmouth College v Woodward McCullock v Maryland Cohens v Virginia Gibbons v Ogden McCullock decision had a role in Panic of 1819 Felt his decisions stripped state governments of the power Missouri Compromise, 1820 - 1821 Population out west increased due to: acquisition of Indians’ lands, economic pressures, improved transportation, immigrants 1819 16% of Missouri was slaves – Missouri question thrust slavery into center of sectional divisions South charged north was trying to destroy the Union and end slavery – warned would only end in a Civil War North claimed south was trying to extend the institution of slavery Tallmadge Amendment offered but shot down by Senate Solved by Missouri Compromise – Henry Clay ◦ Congress admitted Maine as a free state, Missouri as a slave state ◦ Prohibited slavery in the rest of the Louisiana Purchase north of southern boundary of Missouri Second Missouri Compromise – Henry Clay again ◦ Prohibited Missouri from discriminating against citizens of other states but left open issue if free blacks were citizens Missouri Compromise Foreign Policy under Monroe 1816 – 1824 shows more consensus than conflict Monroe’s Secretary of State – John Quincy Adams – was amazing ◦ Strengthened peace with Great Britain in Rush-Bagot Treaty 1817 ◦ Treaty of 1818 restored US rights off Newfoundland and fixed boundary between US and Canada ◦ Andrew Jackson’s raid in E. Florida 1818 got Spain to sign AdamsOnis Transcontinental Treaty USA got Florida Agreed to S. border of US west of Mississippi US agreed Texas not part of the Louisiana Purchase Spain agreed to northern limit on its claims to the West coast – opening up waterway to the Pacific for the USA The Monroe Doctrine, 1823 John Quincy Adams believed in Manifest Destiny Britain proposed opposition of European interference in South America and neither would annex Spain’s old empire Adams agreed to the first but not the second Monroe Doctrine – December 2, 1823 message to Congress ◦ Unless US interests were involved, US would abstain from European Wars ◦ American continents not subject to colonization by Europe ◦ US would construe any attempt at colonization as an unfriendly act US would not support any revolutions in Europe and used Monroe Doctrine to claim preeminent position in the New World
