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Chapter 9 The Jefferson Era The Republicans Take Power Section 1 The Election of 1800 The election was between Thomas Jefferson, his running mate and President Adams. Neither of them traveled to spread their views but used letters that would be sent to Newspapers and leading citizens to express their views and slander one another. The election resulted in a tie in the electoral college. Election Dead Lock Then it was sent to the House of Representatives where the votes also resulted in a tie for 35 ballots. Alexander Hamilton urged The House of Representatives to make a decision leading to one Federalists to change his vote. Congress then passed the 12th Amendment in 1804-making electors vote for the President and Vice President on separate ballots. Jefferson’s Policies His goal was to try to limit the federal governments role. The French called this idea Laissez Faire-let the people choose. He did this by relying on the farmers to keep the United States independent and reducing the size of the Military. This idea led him to moving West! Jefferson’s Cabinet Jefferson named James Madison as the Secretary of State and Albert Gallatin as the Secretary of Treasury . This cabinet ended the Alien and Sedition Act and the Naturalization Act because they interfered with the people’s liberties. They also cut costs. By getting rid of federal internal taxes and started taxing custom dutiestaxes on foreign imported goods and the sale of western lands. They wanted the federal government to be only control the mail, collecting the custom duties and conducting the census every 10 years Jefferson and the Courts The Judiciary Act of 1801 was passed by President John Adams right before he left office. The Act set up the regional courts that included the appointment of 16 judges along with 100s of other people. This included the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court John Marshall Adams and Marshall appointed all of these people so last minute that they were up all night long getting the paperwork in. It was called the “Midnight Judges” Case of Marbury vs. Madison Marbury was one of the “Midnight Judges” that was left to be appointed when Jefferson took office. He decided to have James Madison hold the paperwork on Marbury. Marbury took his case to the Supreme Court where it was denied by John Marshall. It was claimed invalid under the Judiciary Act of 1739 This case made John Marshall reevaluate what the Supreme Court would do. The Constitution is the Supreme Law of the Land When there is a conflict between the Constitution and any other law, the constitution must be followed The Judicial branch be able to determine when federal law conflicts with the constitution and to nullify, or cancel unconstitutional laws. The Louisiana Purchase Section 2 The French Threat In 1802, Spain decided to cut off American goods through New Orleans because they were making an agreement with the French that transferred the Louisiana Territory. Napoleon Bonaparte was the French leader that planned to set up an empire in America and Europe. Jefferson sent Robert Livingston to France to negotiate with Napoleon for the New Orleans and Florida territories. The Nation Expands Napoleon tried to get control over the Santo Domingo naval base so that he could start an empire within the Americas. When he failed, there was no longer any use of the Louisiana Territory to him. He began to focus more on the war between France and Great Britain. He sold the land to the United States for $15 million Jefferson and Robert Livingston didn’t technically have the power to buy land. The Senate ultimately approved of the purchase. Lewis and Clark The United States wanted to know what was in the new Territory so they sent Meriwether Lewis and William Clark to explore the Land. Both of whom had military background and were friends/did business with the Native Americans. They took with them experts in all fields to help them survive the journey. Pike’s Expedition (1805-1807) Zebulon Pike was a Lieutenant who led a second Expedition even before Lewis and Clark returned. He traveled up the Mississippi River Valley into what we know call Colorado He founded Grand Peak; today we call this Pikes Peak Federalists Plan to Secede The Federalists opposed the Louisiana Purchase because they feared that the new states would be Republican. The people in Massachusetts planned to secede- withdraw from the Union (United States); They wanted New England to form a “Northern Confederacy” They turned to Aaron Burr to run for governor of New York so start the process of their succession from the Union. This lead to the duel between Aaron Burr and Alexander Hamilton. A Time of Conflict Section 3 Americans in Foreign Seas Trade to and from China and India brought profit to China and goods like tea and silk to the Americas France and Britain didn’t use the sea as regularly as the Americas because they didn’t have the money to support the voyages because they were fighting a war against each other. Even though the sea was open to America, China and India, Barbary Pirates made the sea very dangerous They made trade ships pay a tribute-protection money to let people trade with Europe. www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ui8OCiZsWGw barbary pirates War with Tripoli Jefferson refused to pay the demands of the pirates which resulted in the Tripoli citizens cutting down the American flag. THIS IS WAR!! During the fighting the warship Philadelphia was captured along with the crew. Stephan Decatur took a small crew into Tripoli harbor and burned the The war ended with the U.S. paying Tripoli $60,000 for the U.S. prisoners. Neutral Rights Violated Great Britain and France were at war but agreed that if the United States stayed neutral then we could sail the seas freely. This was called neutral rights- a nation not involved in conflicts. Years later the nations became fed up with the “Neutrality” of the United States. This led to the blockade of the French coast and searching of the ships that traded with Britain. American Sailors Kidnapped British ships tended to have terrible living conditions making the sailors want to flee the ships The British searched and seized many of the American trade ships and seized anyone who they thought was a deserter. This led to many Americans having to serve the British. The practice of forcing people to serve in the Navy was called impressment. Attack on the Chesapeake The British waited for the U.S. naval ship, the Chesapeake, to leave the Virginian harbor before the Leopard attacked and searched the ship. They ended up destroying the ship killing 3 and left wounded 18. Jefferson decided not to go to war with Britain which Madison did not agree with. Disastrous Trade Ban The attack on Chesapeake had to be dealt with so Jefferson tried to ban trade with the British. In 1807 the Embargo Act was passed by the Republican Congress, prohibiting trade with another country. British began to trade with Latin America and now the U.S. was cut off from the rest of the world. The act was then repealed and replaced with the Nonintercourse Act-only excluded trade with the British and the French. War Fever By this time Jefferson had left office and James Madison was now the President. Madison felt that war was in his midst because British Ships continued to stop the Americans. Congress passed a law allowing the U.S. to trade with either the British or the French depending on who lifted the trade restrictions first. The War of 1812 Section 4 War Begins General William Hull led the American army from Detroit to Canada to fight the British, which ended with the Americans surrendering. A second attempt was tried by General William H. Harrison who again tries to take control in Canada. Naval Battles Commander Oliver Hazard Perry could see the British from Ohio which ultimately got him control of Lake Erie. After the British lost Lake Erie they began to retreat with their Native American allies into the Detroit region. This lead to the Battle of Thames where the Tecumseh leader was killed. In 1813 America had control of both land and sea. Setbacks for Native Americans When Tecumseh died the Native American’s plans of a confederation died with him. Andrew Jackson attacked the Creeks in the Mississippi Territory where his troops killed 550 of the Creek people. This battle was known as Battle of Horseshoe Bend- it broke the resistance and forced the Native Americans to give up their land to the Americans. The British Offense The British attacked through the Chesapeake Bay allowing them access to the city of Washington D.C. The British burned down the capitol and the President’s Mansion Battles Baltimore Holds Firm Defeat at Plattsburgh The city barricaded roads, blocked harbors, and had 13,000 militiamen. General Sir George Prevost wanted to capture the city of Plattsburgh to gain control of the Lake Champlain. Francis Scott Key wrote the Star-Spangled Banner after he saw the flag flying over Fort McHenry on September 13-14th. The British fleet was defeated by American ships so the British retreated back to Canada. This battle ENDED the War of 1812 with the Battle of Champlain. The War Ends Americans and the British signed a treaty in Ghent, Belgium called the Treaty of Ghent- didn’t change any existing borders. Before the treaty was signed there was the Battle of New Orleans that was led by Andrew Jackson. This defeat made Andrew Jackson a hero and this ultimately helped him win the election of 1828 American Nationalism Federalists in New England opposed Madison’s war so they formed a committee called the Hartford Convention in Connecticut. This convention met to discuss if the Federalists wanted to stay in the Union. Once they heard of the victory in New Orleans and the treaty they felt unpatriotic for having the meeting.
