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The Republican Victory
Jefferson’s Inauguration
• 1. Large crowds attended the inauguration
• 2. John Adams, whom Jefferson had
defeated, refused to attend.
• 3. Republicans had won control of the White
House and both houses of Congress.
• 4. Inauguration marked first transfer of power
from one political party to another in U.S.
history; peaceful transfer of power a rare
achievement at that time.
Inaugural Address
• 1. Jefferson stressed that he supported
will of the majority but opposed mob
rule.
• 2. Tried to reassure Federalists that he
would run the government fairly and
called for unity between political
parties.
Jefferson in Office
Putting Republican Ideas into
Practice
• 1. Jefferson chose James Madison as
secretary of state and Albert Gallatin as
secretary of the treasury.
• 2. Jefferson lowered military spending,
reduced the size of the army and the navy.
• 3. Hoped to use savings from military cuts to
repay the national debt
• 4. Eliminated domestic taxes, such as the
whiskey tax
Relations with the Federalists
• 1. Jefferson kept the Bank of the United
States, which the Federalists had
established and he had opposed, because
the banking system seemed practical.
• 2. Replaced a number of Federalist
officials with Republican appointee
Marbury v. Madison
New Judicial Offices
• 1. Before Jefferson took office as president,
Federalists in Congress passed a law creating
many new judgeships and court offices.
• 2. President John Adams appointed Federalists
to fill these positions. (Midnight Judges)
• 3. When Jefferson took office, some of these
Federalists had not yet received their special
commissions authorizing their appointments.
• 4. Jefferson ordered James Madison not to issue
the papers.
Marbury’s Case
• 1. William Marbury, one of the people
who had not received a commission,
asked the U.S. Supreme Court to order
the executive branch to issue the
document.
• 2. Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave
the court this power
The Court’s Ruling
• 1. John Marshall, chief justice of the U.S. Supreme
Court, was a Federalist who disagreed with President
Jefferson about many issues.
• 2. Supreme Court ruled in Marbury v. Madison that the
Supreme Court did not have the power to force the
executive branch to give Marbury his paper.
• 3. Declared the Judiciary Act of 1789, which gave the
court this power, was unconstitutional, or not allowed by
the Constitution
• 4. Marbury V. Madison case –est. the power of judicial
review—the power of the U.S. Supreme Court to declare
an act of Congress to be unconstitutional.
The Louisiana Purchase
French Ambitions
• 1. General Napoleon Bonaparte, (Leader of
France) wanted to rebuild France’s empire in
North America.
a. Planned to send troops to Louisiana
b. First, needed to recapture the former French colony
of St. Dominque (present-day Haiti) to establish a
supply base near Louisiana.
bb. Enslaved Africans took over St. Domingue in the
1790s to gain freedom.
• 2. Former enslaved African ToussaintLouverture ruled the island.
• 3. He failed to take Haiti in 1802
American Concerns
• 1. Jefferson
a. Learned that Spain had returned Louisiana to
France and feared that French control of the
region would block U.S. western expansion.
b. With control of New Orleans, France could
also interfere with American trade along the
Mississippi River.
The Louisiana Purchase
• 1. Jefferson told the U.S. ambassador to
France to make an offer to buy New
Orleans and West Florida from France.
A Surprising Offer
• 1. France needed money because it was
about to go to war against Britain.
• 2. Napoleon also hoped that if the United
States owned Louisiana, it could challenge
Britain’s power in North America
A Growing Nation
• 1. U.S. diplomats signed treaty to buy
Louisiana for $15 million.
• 2. Jefferson feared that he did not have
the constitutional power to buy Louisiana
but agreed to the purchase because it was
in the country’s best interest.
• 3. The Louisiana Purchase of 1803
almost doubled the size of the United
States.
Mission of Discovery
• A. Jefferson planned an expedition to
explore western lands.
• B. Meriwether Lewis, who had served as
Jefferson’s assistant, led the expedition.
• C. Lieutenant William Clark was co-leader.
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
• A. In May 1804 the Lewis and Clark
expedition set out from St. Louis, in presentday Missouri.
• 1. Sacagawea, a Shoshone Indian woman,
assisted the group.
• 2. Crossed Great Plains and Rocky
Mountains.
a. Learned much about western lands and paths.
b. established relations with several American
Indian groups
c. Collected valuable scientific information.
Pike’s Exploration
•
A. Zebulon Pike led an expedition to find
the source of the Red River.
1. Explored Rocky Mountains in present-day
Colorado,
2. New Mexico and Spanish-held lands, where
the Spanish arrested him
SECTION 3: Coming of War
A. Danger on the High Seas
• 1. U.S. Navy sent to end pirate raids
conducted by North African countries
called the Barbary States.
B. Problems with Great Britain
• 1. U.S. supplied goods and war materials to Great
Britain and France, who went to war in 1803.
• 2. Each nation passed laws to stop the United States
from trading with its enemy.
• 3. The British stopped and seized American ships
and also searched them for runaway British sailors,
who were then forced to return to the British navy.
• 4. Impressment, or forcing people to serve in the army
or navy, angered the United States, particularly when the
British accidentally impressed some U.S. citizens.
A Trade War
• A. Many Americans called for an
embargo, or the banning of trade, in
response to Britain’s violations of U.S.
neutrality.
Trade Laws
• 1. Congress passed the Embargo Act,
which banned trade with foreign nations.
a. Damaged American economy,
• 2. Replaced by Non-Intercourse Act,
which banned trade with Britain, France,
and their colonies and stated the United
States would resume trade with the first
side to stop violating U.S. neutrality
The Rise of Tecumseh
• The Rise of Tecumseh
• A. American Indians and American
settlers in Northwest Territory clashed.
• B. Shawnee chief Tecumseh tried to
unite American Indians against the United
States.
War on the Frontier
• A. William Henry Harrison, governor of
Indiana Territory, saw Tecumseh as a
threat.
• B. Battle of Tippecanoe- Harrison’s
forces defeated American Indian forces,
which caused Tecumseh to lose much of
his support.
The War Debate (Hawks and
Doves)
• A. The War Hawks
• 1. Members of Congress who favored
war against Great Britain.
• 2. Leaders included Henry Clay, John C.
Calhoun.
• 3. Some thought war as only answer, and
some hoped war might expand the United
States
B. Opposition
• 1. Federalists in New England feared war
with Britain would hurt the economy.
• 2. Other Americans argued that war
was unnecessary and costly.
a. U.S. military was not prepared to
fight powerful Britain
A Declaration of War
• A. President James Madison, a
Republican who had been elected in
1808, told Congress that Britain was
already in a state of war against the
nation.
B. Congress Acts
• 1. Southern and western
representatives in Congress voted for
war.
• 2. Delaware, New England states, New
Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania opposed
war.
• 3. War Hawks won, and Congress
declared war for the first time in U.S.
history.
The War at Sea
• A. Advantages and Disadvantages
• 1. U.S. Navy had fewer than 20 ships, while
the British had hundreds.
• 2. U.S. government licensed private ships to
attack British merchant ships.
• 3. Early in war, most British naval ships were
scattered far from the United States.
• 4. U.S. Navy had well-trained sailors and new
warships that carried more cannons than
most British ships of the same size.
• B. Early in war, several U.S. ships
defeated British ships in one-on-one duels.
• C. Britain then turned to patrolling seas in
large groups and blockading U.S. ports.
The Canadian Border
• A. Americans attempted to invade Canada,
1. British forces aided by Tecumseh defeated the
U.S. force and captured Fort Detroit.
a. aided by Tecumseh
• B. The Great Lakes
• 1. By the end of 1812, the British controlled the
strategic Great Lakes region.
• 2. Captain Oliver Hazard Perry commanded a
small U.S. fleet on Lake Erie.
• 3. Battle of Lake Erie in September 1813,
Perry’s fleet defeated British forces.
The Frontier War
• A. Tecumseh and the British
• 1. After Perry’s victory, William Henry Harrison
pursued British into Canada.
• 2. Battle of the Thames in October 1813,
Harrison’s forces defeated the British and their
American Indian allies.
• 3. Tecumseh killed in battle, which weakened the
Indian-British alliance.
• 4. Victory secured U.S. border with Canada
B. The Creek War
• 1. Creek force, led by Chief Red Eagle,
took a U.S. fort in present-day Alabama.
• 2. General Andrew Jackson led U.S.
forces against the Creek.
• 3. Battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814,
U.S. forces defeated the Creek force.
• 4. Victory ended Creek War, and Creek
forced to give up millions of acres of land.
The British on the Offensive
• A. In 1814 Britain sent more troops and
strengthened its blockade of U.S. ports.
• B. British forces sacked Washington but
failed to take Fort McHenry in Baltimore
The Battle of New Orleans
• A. British forces launched attack on
New Orleans.
• B. American forces defeated the British
at the Battle of New Orleans
Ending the War
• A. The Hartford Convention
• 1. New England Federalists against the war
met at the Hartford Convention.
a. Some delegates wanted New England to
withdraw from the United States.
• 3. Delegates decided to send a group to
Congress to demand states’ rights.
• 4. War ended
a. Federalists were accused of treason
and lost much political power.
The Peace Treaty
• 1. The Treaty of Ghent ended the War of
1812 on December 24, 1814.
• 2. Each nation returned all the territory
it had conquered.
a. treaty provided no solutions to
problems of impressment or trade
• 3. Both sides agreed to continue to work
on these problems once there was peace.