Download Chapter 8

Chapter 11
The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Chapter 11
The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Section 1
Jefferson as President
The Republican Victory
 Thomas Jefferson (Republican) won the
election of 1800
 Republican Party won control of both houses
of Congress – Jefferson had support for many
of his plans
 Inauguration marked the first time one political
party had replaced another in power in the U.S. –
proof the U.S. could change leaders peacefully
Rare achievement for a government at that time
 Jefferson supported will of majority
 Did not favor mob rule as Federalists had claimed
 Tried to comfort Federalists by promising to
run the government fairly – would not let party
politics interfere
Jefferson in Office
 Jefferson faced task of putting Republican ideas into
practice
 Selected members of his cabinet
 James Madison – Secretary of State
 Albert Gallatin – Secretary of the Treasury
 Lowered military spending, reduced the size of the
army (to 3,200), navy cut to 7 active ships – opposed
by Federalists
 Hoped saving money would allow them to pay down national
debt
 Wanted to get rid of domestic taxes (ex. Tax on
whiskey)
 Even wanted to close down agencies that collected taxes
 Republican-led Congress passed laws needed to carry out
policies
 Agreed to let Bank of United States continue as it was
under Federalists
Jefferson in Office (continued)
Jefferson had planned to allow
Federalists to keep their government
jobs, but his party pressured him to
replace them with Republicans
Under pressure from both parties, he
replaced some but not all
Marbury vs. Madison
 Before Jefferson took office, Federalists passed
a new law that created many new judgeships
and other court offices
 Before his term ended, Adams had appointed
dozens of Federalists – called the “midnight
judges” by some because Adams waited
until the last minute on his last day in office
 When Jefferson took office some Federalists
Adams chose had not received their
commissions
Jefferson ordered Secretary of State James Madison
not to give out the papers
Marbury vs. Madison (continued)
William Marbury affected by this
decision
Demanded the Supreme Court force the
executive branch to hand over his
commission
Claimed the Judiciary Act of 1789 gave the
Supreme Court the right to do this
Chief Justice John Marshall – a
Federalist appointed by Adams agreed
to hear Marbury’s case
Marbury v. Madison (continued)
 Supreme Court’s decision in Marbury v.
Madison – all justices agreed Marbury had
been treated unfairly
Question = did the Supreme Court have the power to
force Madison to give Marbury his commission?
Judiciary Act of 1789 = yes
Chief Justice Marshall = no – he did not think the
Constitution allowed Congress to give the Supreme
Court new powers
 Judiciary Act of 1789 = unconstitutional
Marshall’s ruling established the power of judicial
review – allows the Supreme Court to declare an act
of Congress to be unconstitutional – greatly
increased the Court’s legal authority
Chapter 11
The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Section 2
The Louisiana Purchase
French Louisiana
 Napoleon conquered much of Europe
 Wanted to rebuild France’s empire in North
America
First send troops to Louisiana, replace Spain as key
European power in western N.A.
 Defeat in St. Domingue kept him from sending
troops
St. Domingue (present-day Haiti) – led by Toussaint
Louverture, enslaved Africans took over the colony
Napoleon needed control of this island to use as a
supply base
 U.S. leaders suspicious when France regained
control of Louisiana – France could block western
growth of the U.S. and interfere with trade
The Louisiana Purchase
 Jefferson wanted to keep the French from controlling
New Orleans but did not want war
 Robert Livingston, U.S. Ambassador to France, and
James Monroe were told to try to buy New Orleans
and West Florida
 Talleyrand did not want to sell just New Orleans; asked for offer on
all of Louisiana
 Napoleon willing to sell Louisiana because
 France was about to go to war against Great Britain, did not
want to fight U.S. too
 French still had no troops in Louisiana
 Napoleon wanted money to buy supplies for armies in Europe
 U.S. owning Louisiana would challenge Great Britain’s power
in North America
 Congress authorized $10 million to buy Louisiana however
Livingston and Monroe agreed to buy for $15 million
The Louisiana Purchase (continued)
Treaty of purchase signed May 2, 1803
Jefferson = strict constructionist – did
not believe the constitution allowed
him to buy the territory
Agreed to the purchase because he believed
it was best for the country
Senate approved the treaty October 20, 1803
With the Louisiana Purchase, the U.S.
almost doubled in size
Louisiana territory stretched west from the
Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains
Mission of Discovery
 Little was known about western American
Indians or western lands
 Jefferson wanted to see if there was a river
route to the Pacific Ocean
 Jefferson asked Congress to fund a western
expedition led by Meriwether Lewis
Lewis chose William Clark to be co-leader
Told to explore the Missouri River, form peaceful
relations with American Indians
To prepare Lewis studied botany, surveying, etc.;
gathered supplies
Lewis and Clark selected frontiersmen to join their
Corps of Discovery
The Lewis and Clark Expedition
 Started in St. Louis of present-day Missouri in May
1804
 Corps of Discovery traveled up the Missouri River,
encountered Mandan and Sioux
 Sacagawea, a Shoshone from the Rocky Mountains,
and her husband, a French fur trader who lived with
the Mandan, offered to guide the expedition
 Lewis and Clark kept journals regarding the people,
places, things they encountered – trip = long, difficult,
exhausting
 After crossing the Rocky Mountains, they followed the
Columbia River to the Pacific Ocean
 Were not successful in finding a river route across the
West
 Learned much about western lands and paths across the Rockies
 Established contact with many American Indian groups
 Collected a lot of information about western plants and animals
 Arrived by canoe back in St. Louis in late Sept. 1806
Pike’s Exploration
 Zebulon Pike sent on mission to the West to
find the starting point of the Red River
Runs through Louisiana and along part of the northern
border of present-day Texas
Believed by the U.S. to be part of the Louisiana
Territory’s southwestern border with New Spain
 Pike may have had instructions to spy on
Spanish outposts in the Southwest
 Led small expedition to the Rocky Mountains
Tried to climb the mountain known today as Pikes
Peak
 Headed south in to present-day New Mexico
 Pike imprisoned by the Spanish while exploring
along the Rio Grande in Spanish-held lands
Accused of being a spy
Chapter 11
The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Section 3
The Coming of War
Danger on the High Seas
 Algiers = one of several North African lands known as
the Barbary States
 Countries practiced piracy, held foreign citizens captive for
ransom
 U.S. originally agreed to make payments to them to
protect their ships and citizens
 Eventually refused to pay, send U.S. Navy to end pirate raids
 U.S. faced greater threats on high seas
 Great Britain and France went to war in 1803 – U.S. drawn
into conflict
 Each country wanted to stop the U.S. from supplying
goods and war materials to the other
 Britain passed series of acts allowing British navy to
search and seize ships carrying war supplies to France;
French declared no country could ship supplies to Britain
Danger on the High Seas (continued)
 Many American merchants ignored foreign
laws
British and French navies captured many
American merchant ships
British searched for sailors who ran away from
British navy
Forced them back to the ship, sometimes
Americans by accident (impressment – forcing
people to serve in the army or navy)
 British (Leopard) ship stopped U.S navy ship
(Chesapeake) – tried to remove 4 sailors
U.S. Captain refused, British opened fire and took 4
sailors by force
A Trade War
 Debates over how to respond to Great Britain’s violations of U.S.
neutrality
 Some said war, others favored an embargo – banning of trade
against Britain
 Jefferson and Republicans favored an embargo
 Embargo Act – law banned trade with foreign countries; hoped to
punish Britain and France and protect American ships from
capture
 Main effect was to hurt American merchants – lost great deal of
money
 Popularity of the Federalist Party rose, Jefferson’s support fell as
embargo continued
 Act had little effect on Britain or France; American merchants
smuggled goods to Europe
 Non-Intercourse Act – replaced the Embargo Act in 1809
 banned trade only with Britain, France and their colonies
 Stated U.S. would start trading with the first side that stopped
violating U.S. neutrality (wanted to pressure Britain and France to
stop taking American ships)
The Rise of Tecumseh
 British, American Indians and American settlers
clashed in the west
 Early 1800s, thousands of American setters entered the
Northwest Territory
 Started farms and settlements on what had once been American
Indian land
 U.S. gained control of much through Treaty of Greenville – upset
American Indians leaders who did not agree to the treaty
 Britain wanted to stop rapid western growth to protect
its interests in Canada
 Did not want to fight U.S., but gave military aid to American
Indian nations in the Northwest Territory
 Tecumseh – Shawnee chief – skilled military leader
and brilliant speaker
 Hoped to unite American Indians of the Northwest Territory,
the South, and the eastern Mississippi Valley
 Founded village for followers near the Wabash and
Tippecanoe Rivers
War on the Frontier
 William Henry Harrison – governor of Indiana Territory
– believed Tecumseh to be a serious threat to
American power
 Harrison and Tecumseh met
 Harrison urged him to follow treaties
 Tecumseh stated no single chief could sell land belonging to all
American Indians who used it
 Harrison warned him not resist power of U.S.
 Tecumseh traveled south to get the Creek nation to
join forces
 Harrison decided to attack while he was away
 Battle of Tippecanoe – began when Prophet ordered an attack
on Harrison’s camp early on November 7, 1811
 All-day battle – Harrison’s soldiers forced American Indian forces to
retreat
 Destroyed Tecumseh’s village
The War Debate
 Frontier fighting angered many Americans
 Believed Britain had encouraged Tecumseh to attack settlers
in the West
 War Hawks – members of Congress who favored war
against Great Britain
 War = only answer to Britain’s insults
 Led by Henry Clay of Kentucky and John C. Calhoun of South
Carolina
 Strongest in west and south
 Believed war would give U.S. chance to expand
 New England Federalists = strongest opponents of
War Hawks
 British trade restrictions and impressment hurt New
England’s economy
 Wanted to renew friendly business ties
 Other anti-war politicians believed the U.S. was not strong
enough to fight Britain
 U.S. army and navy small and poorly equipped
A Declaration of War
 President James Madison (Republican) elected 1808 –
“Father of the Constitution”
 Faced difficulty of carrying on the trade war
 Felt growing pressure from War Hawks
 Madison addressed Congress on June 1, 1812
 Described Britain’s conduct
 Complained about Britain’s impressment of American sailors and
violation of U.S. neutrality
 Britain was in “a state of war against the U.S.”
 Called on Congress to decide what the nation should do
 Representatives from southern and western states voted
for war
 Delaware, New England states, New York, New Jersey,
and Pennsylvania voted for peace
 War Hawks won – for the first time in U.S. history,
Congress declared war
 Madison reelected in 1812 – served as commander in
chief during the War of 1812
Chapter 11
The Expanding Nation
(1800-1815)
Section 4
The War of 1812
The War at Sea
 U.S.S. Constitution – “Old Ironsides” – won one of the
first battles of the War of 1812
 At the start of the war, the British navy had hundreds of
ships, the U.S. navy had fewer than 20
 U.S. advantages
 U.S. government licensed privately owned ships to help the
U.S. Navy by attacking British merchant ships (privateers)
 British navy’s ships were scattered around the world
 U.S. Navy = well-trained sailors and new warships such as the
Constitution
 Carried more cannons that most British ships
 U.S. victories raised American morale and embarrassed
the British
 British blockaded American seaports and captured
American merchant ships
The Canadian Border
 American leaders planned to invade Canada with three
separate armies
 Expected French Canadians to welcome U.S. troops, but
were met with surprising resistance
 British joined with American Indians led by Tecumseh
in July 1812 to defeat an American army and capture
Fort Detroit
 Other American forces had to retreat when militia
members refused to cross the Canadian border
 By end of 1812, British controlled strategic Great Lakes
region
 U.S. troops burned Canadian capital, York in April
1813
 Captain Oliver Hazard Perry (Navy) led Americans at
Battle of Lake Erie – British surrendered
 Perry sent message “We have met the enemy and they are
ours”
 Forced British to withdraw, gave U.S. army new hope
The Frontier War
 Harrison took advantage of Perry’s victory by pursuing
British and American Indian allies into Canada
 Battle of the Thames – U.S. victory
 American cavalry charged British force
 British defenses broke apart; American Indians continued fighting
 Tecumseh killed (weakened threat of an American IndianBritish alliance in the Great Lakes), Indian forces retreated
 Creek Indians took up arms against U.S. in 1813
 Chief Red Eagle led Creek forces to destroy Fort Mims in
present-day Alabama
 General Andrew Jackson (Tennessee) led his troops
south to fight the Creek
 Battle of Horseshoe Bend - attacked the main Creek base on
the Tallapoosa River
 Victory for Jackson and troops
 Red Eagle surrendered, ended the Creek War
 Led to treaty that forced the Creek to give up millions of acres of
land
The British on the Offensive
 Situation in the east grew worse despite U.S. success in
the south and west
 Britain defeated France in April 1814, could send
more troops to U.S.
 Strengthened blockade of ports
 British moved to attack the U.S. capital
 President Madison and cabinet forced to flee
 British set fire to the White House and other
government buildings
 Response to Americans’ earlier burning of British capital in
Canada
 British sailed on to Baltimore, Maryland – guarded by
Fort McHenry
 Americans refused to surrender, British chose to retreat
rather than continue to fight
The Battle of New Orleans
 From Caribbean bases, British attacked New
Orleans
Hoped to recapture city, control Mississippi River
 Andrew Jackson commanded U.S. forces
around New Orleans
 Battle of New Orleans – began January 8,
1815
5300 British troops vs. 4500 Americans
British marched through early morning fog, when it
cleared they were exposed to heavy artillery fire
More than 2000 British killed or wounded vs. 70
U.S. casualties – U.S. victory
Ending the War
 Hartford Convention – New England Federalists gather
to oppose the war (before the Battle of New Orleans)
 Some wanted New England to withdraw from the U.S.
 Moderate members convinced the convention to send a delegation
to meet with Congress to try to increase states’ rights
 Many critics accused Federalists of treason
 Attempt to challenge power of the national government
caused them to lose much of their political power
 Treaty of Ghent – signed on December 24, 1814 before
the Battle of New Orleans took place
 War ended when U.S. and British diplomats decided to end
the war
 Each nation returned the territory it conquered
 Diplomats did not find solutions to the problems of
impressment or trade embargoes
 Agreed to address remaining issues once there was peace