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OBJECTIVES
•Identify the five types of phrases
•Identify the words phrases modify
(a prerequisite to effective revision)
Phrase:
a group of related words that is used as a single part
of speech and does not contain a verb and its subject
Five Types of Phrases
Prepositional Phrase
Appositive Phrase
Participial Phrase
Gerund Phrase
Infinitive Phrase
Prepositional Phrase
Includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun called the object of the preposition,
and any modifiers of that subject. It functions as an adjective or as an adverb.
The adjective prepositional phrase modifies a noun or pronoun.
Cassie Smith made a batch of fry bread, using a recipe very similar to that
of her ancestors.
Sarah Kemble Knight kept a journal of her trip to New York.
Sarah Knight’s journey on horseback from Boston to New York was
long and difficult.
The adverb prepositional phrase modifies a verb, adjective, or adverb.
During the Civil War, Louisa Mae Alcott worked in a hospital as a
nurse for six weeks.
Louisa Mae Alcott wrote Little Women, a novel rich in New England
traditions.
Too late for Alcott and other early suffragists, U. S. voting laws were
changed.
An appositive is a noun or pronoun placed next to another noun or pronoun
to identify or explain it.
An appositive phrase consists of the appositive and its modifiers.
We visited Boston Harbor, the site of the Boston Tea Party.
The Kenai Peninsula is the home of the Alaskan moose, the largest deer
In the world.
A great speaker, Thomas Paine inspired the colonists to resist the British.
Participle
Verb form that is used as an adjective / Modifies noun or pronoun
Two kinds of participles:
Present Participle: ends in –ing
Past Participle: ends in a past form, such as –ed, -en, -t, -k
Participial Phrase:
consists of a participle and all the words related to the participle
Waving, the campers boarded the bus.
Confused and frightened, they fled into the jungle.
We could hear something moving in the underbrush.
Having worked all day, Abe was ready for a rest.
Speaking eloquently, Barbara Jordan enthralled the audience.
Encouraged by his family, he submitted his book of poems for publication.
Gerund:
verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun
SUBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT OBJECT
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Gerund Phrase:
consists of a gerund and all the words related to the gerund
Exercising regularly is important to your health.
Subject
My brother likes working at the travel agency.
Direct Object
Walter Mitty daydreamed of being a courageous pilot.
Object of Preposition
An excellent way to build vocabulary is reading good literature. Pred. Nom.
He gave studying chemisty all his attention.
Indirect Object
Infinitive:
To + plain form of the verb
(to run, to sing, to dance, to study)
It can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Infinitive Phrase:
Consists of the infinitive and all the words related to the infinitive.
Used as a Noun:
To finish homework is our plan. Subject
Julia wants to go to the beach with us on Sunday. Direct Object
Mike plans to give homework more attention.
Indirect Object
Janetta’s plan is to make ten bracelets before Christmas. Pred. Nom.
Used as an Adjective:
Napoleon’s plan to conquer Europe failed.
Used as an Adverb:
Because of his sprained ankle, Chico was unable to play in the game.
Prepositional Phrase
Includes a preposition, a noun or pronoun
called the object of the preposition,
and any modifiers of that subject and
functions as an adjective or as an adverb.
An appositive is a noun or pronoun
placed next to another noun or
pronoun to identify or explain it.
An appositive phrase consists of the
appositive and its modifiers.
Infinitive:
To + plain form of the verb
(to run, to sing, to dance, to study)
It can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb.
Infinitive Phrase:
Consists of the infinitive and all the words
related to the infinitive.
Participle
Verb form that is used as an adjective /
Modifies noun or pronoun
Two kinds of participles:
Present Participle: ends in –ing
Past Participle: ends in a past form,
such as –ed, -en, -t, -k
Participial Phrase:
consists of a participle and all the words
related to the participle
Gerund:
verb form ending in –ing that is used as a noun
SUBJECT
DIRECT OBJECT
INDIRECT OBJECT
PREDICATE NOMINATIVE
OBJECT OF PREPOSITION
Gerund Phrase:
consists of a gerund and all the words related to
the gerund
Prepositional Phrase?
Used as Adj. or Adv?
Appositive Phrase?
Gerund Phrase?
How is it used?
Present Participial Phrase?
What does it modify?
Past Participial Phrase?
What does it modify?
Infinitive Phrase?
How is it used?
Each year, thousands of Americans travel (1) to hundreds of vacation spots
in the United States and other countries. (2) Anticipating all kinds of
weather and activities, many eager travelers pack far too much clothing and
equipment. The most effective way to pack is (3) to set out clothes for the
trip and then to put half of them back (4) in the closet. Of course, travelers
should give particularly careful thought to walking shoes, (5) the most
important item of apparel on any sightseeing trip. Experienced travelers
pack only two or three changes of casual clothing, even if they plan (6) to be
away for some time. (7) Taking out the smallest piece of luggage they own,
they study its capacity. It is possible to pack enough clothes for three
weeks in small luggage, (8) perhaps a duffel bag or shoulder bag.
Passengers can carry such bags onto an airliner and avoid (9) waiting at the
baggage claim area. For most people (10) doing a bit of hand laundry every
few days is preferable to spending their vacation burdened with heavy
suitcases.
1. travel (1) to hundreds of vacation spots in the United States
and other countries.
1. Preposition /
Adverb
2. Pres. Part. /
2. Anticipating all kinds of weather and activities, many eager
Modifies
travelers pack
travelers
3. way to pack is (3) to set out clothes for the trip
3.Infinitive /
N. / Pred. Nom.
4. to put half of them back (4) in the closet.
4. Prep. Ph./
5. walking shoes, (5) the most important item of apparel on any
Adverb
sightseeing trip.
5. Appositive /
explains shoes
6. if they plan (6) to be away for some time.
6. Infinitive /
7. Taking out the smallest piece of luggage they own, they study
N. / D. O.
its capacity.
7. Pres. Part.
Modifies they
8. small luggage, (8) perhaps a duffel bag or shoulder bag.
8. Appositive /
9. avoid (9) waiting at the baggage claim area.
luggage
9. Gerund
10. For most people (10) doing a bit of hand laundry every few
Direct Object
days is preferable
10. Gerund /
Subject
What’s the
difference between
a phrase & a clause?
CLAUSE: a group of words with both a
subject and a verb
Types of Clauses
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
• Adjective/Relative Clause
• Noun Clause
• Adverbial Clause
INDEPENDENT CLAUSE
a complete thought that can stand alone. It’s the
foundation and the frame of the house
(sentence).
Example:
The woman walked silently.
There can be more than one
independent clause in a
sentence.
*The woman walked silently, for
she had no voice.
*I like to eat cake; it tastes like
cake.
*Jordan and Mason were in the
band; however, they could not
play any instruments.
Use these words to join
independent clauses
Independent Clause,
(FANBOYS)
Independent Clause
Independent Clause;
(THINSAMS),
Independent Clause
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For
And
Nor
But
Or
Yet
So
Therefore
However
Instead
Nevertheless
Still
Also
Meanwhile
Subsequently
More Conjunctive Adverbs
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accordingly
besides
consequently
conversely
finally
furthermore
hence
indeed
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likewise
moreover
nevertheless
next
nonetheless
otherwise
similarly
then
thus
Independent Clause Practice
• Women follow more healthful diets, and they go
to doctors more often.
• Native and nonnative English speakers have
different needs; therefore, most schools provide
separate classes for each group.
• Increasing the size of airports is one solution to
traffic congestion; however, this is a long-term
solution whose benefits may not be seen for
many years into the future.
DEPENDENT CLAUSE
group of words with both a subject and verb;
cannot stand alone or it is a fragment. These are
like the windows or doors (they enhance what is
already there, but can’t function alone).
CLAUSE: a group of words with both a
subject and a verb
Types of Clauses
Independent Clause
Dependent Clause
• Adjective/Relative Clause
• Noun Clause
• Adverbial Clause
Adjective Clause
called an adjectival or relative clause—will
meet three requirements:
1.It will contain a subject and verb.
2.It will begin with a relative pronoun [who,
whom, whose, that, or which] or a relative
adverb [when, where, or why].
3.It will function as an adjective, answering
the questions What kind? How many? or
Which one?
Adjective/Relative Clause
Equations
• RELATIVE PRONOUN OR
ADVERB + SUBJECT +VERB
– EXAMPLE: WHOSE BIG, BROWN EYES PLEADED
FOR ANOTHER COOKIE
• Relative Pronoun as Subject + Verb
– Example: That bounced across the kitchen
floor
EXAMPLES
The dog who lives by me is nice.
The show that I watch is good.
Jerry Spinelli is the author who
wrote Maniac McGee.
Punctuating Adjective Clauses
• Essential clauses do not require commas.
An adjective clause is essential when you
need the information it provides.
– Example: The vegetables that people leave
uneaten are often the most nutritious.
• Nonessential clauses require commas to
separate it from the rest of the sentence.
– Example: Broccoli, which people often leave
uneaten, is very nutritious.
Adverb Clause
Will meet three requirements:
1.It will contain a subject and verb.
2.You will find a subordinate conjunction that
keeps the clause from expressing a
complete thought.
3.You will notice that the clause answers
one of these four adverb questions: How?
When? Where? or Why?
Use these words/ groups of
words to begin adverb clauses
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After
Although
As
When
Whenever
Where
Whereas
Wherever
Whether
While
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Why
Unless
Until
Because
Before
If
In order that
Since
So that
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than
that
though
even if
even though
once
provided
that
• rather than
Examples
1. After I danced,
2. Because he was hungry,
3. Until I get an A+,
4. When I get my new pony,
5. Since I love SpongeBob,
Noun Clause
• Any clause that functions as a noun
becomes a noun clause.
• You really do not want to know the
ingredients in Aunt Nancy's stew.
• You really do not want to know what Aunt
Nancy adds to her stew.
Clause Identification
1. Cross off prep phrases.
2. Double underline ACTION OR BEING verbs.
3. Single underline the subjects.
4. Each separate section with a subject and verb
is PROBABLY a different clause!
5. IDENTIFY THE APPROPRIATE CLAUSE