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3/12/15 Chapter 3A Atoms and Elements 1 CHAPTER OUTLINE § § § § § § § Elements and Symbols Periodic Table of the Elements Properties of Metals and Non-Metals The Atomic Theory The Modern Atom Atomic Structure Isotopes and Atomic Mass 2 1 3/12/15 ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS q Elements Over timeare some primary elements substances have been from named which forall other substances planets, mythological are built. figures, Elements minerals, cannot colors, be broken down geographic locations into simpler and famous substances. people. Some examples are shown below: 3 ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS q The symbol for most elements is the one- or twoletter abbreviation of the name of the element. Only the first letter of an elements symbol is capitalized. If the symbol has a second letter, it is written as lowercase. Co CO cobalt carbon and oxygen 4 2 3/12/15 ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS q Although most of the symbols use letters from current names, some of the symbols of the elements are based on their Greek or Latin names. Na sodium (natrium) Fe iron (ferrum) 5 ELEMENTS AND SYMBOLS q Some elements have formulas that are not single atoms. Seven of these elements have diatomic (2-atoms) molecules. Fluorine (F2) Hydrogen (H2) Oxygen (O2) Nitrogen (N2) Chlorine (Cl2) Bromine (Br2) Iodine (I2) 6 3 3/12/15 PERIODIC TABLE Non-metals Metals Metalloids 7 PROPERTIES OF METALS & NON-METALS Metals Non-metals • Mostly solid • Can be solid, liquid or gas • Have shiny appearance • Have dull appearance • Good conductors of heat & electricity • Poor conductors of heat & electricity • Malleable & ductile • Brittle (if solid) • Lose electrons • Gain or share electrons 8 4 3/12/15 METALLOIDS q Metalloids are elements that possess some properties of metals and some of non-metals. q The most important metalloids are silicon (Si) and germanium (Ge) which are used extensively in computer chips. 9 PERIODIC TABLE Metallic Metallic character character decreases increases going down acrossaagroup period. Least metallic Most metallic element elements F Cs Fr 10 5 3/12/15 PERIODIC TABLE q Seven elements exist as diatomic molecules. q All others exist as monatomic (single atom). 11 PERIODS & GROUPS q q The Elements periodic in the table same is composed family have of periods similar (rows) properties, and and areorcommonly referred to by their traditional groups families (columns). names. 12 6 3/12/15 PERIODS & GROUPS q Group The group Elements Alkali Noble Halogens gases metals 2 elements in are ofare groups metals the areun-reactive most soft are 1-2 inmetals called reactive between and gases 13-18 alkaline-earth that nonmetals, the are that are main very referred aregroup commonly reactive. and metals. to occur as They used in These elements nature in often metals light are only react bulbs. called are as explosively compounds. less transition reactive with metals. than other alkali elements. metals. main-group or representative groups. 13 EARLY CONCEPTS OF THE ATOM q The smallest particle of matter that still retains its properties is called an atom. q In the fifth century B.C., the Greek philosopher Democritus proposed that matter is composed of a finite number of discrete particles, named atomos (meaning un-cuttable or indivisible) 14 7 3/12/15 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY q In Dalton’s 1808, John modelDalton, represented built on the ideas as atom of Democritus, a featureless and ball of uniform formulated a precise definition density. themodel building blocks of q of This is referred tomatter. as the “soccer ball” model. 15 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY Dalton’s atomic theory, Ø explains the difference between an element and a compound. Ø explains two scientific laws, and Ø predicts a new scientific law. 16 8 3/12/15 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY Postulate 1 2 Deduction Each element consists of indivisible, small particles called atoms. All the atoms of an element are identical to one another, but different from others. Gives a more precise definition for an element. 17 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY Atoms of oxygen are different from All atoms atomsof ofoxygen hydrogen are identical to one another All atoms of hydrogen are identical to one another Atoms of consists each element are identical to one Atoms of indivisible, small particles. another, but different from others. 18 5.1 9 3/12/15 DALTON’S ATOMIC THEORY Postulate 3 4 Atoms combine chemically in definite whole-number ratios to form compounds. Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed in chemical reactions. Deduction Supports Law of Definite Composition; predicts Law of Multiple Proportions. Supports Law of Conservation of Mass. 19 LAW OF DEFINITE COMPOSITION As a result Atoms combine compounds in definite always whole-number contain elements ratios in to form the same compounds. proportions by mass. H 2 = O 1 H 1 = O 1 20 10 3/12/15 LAW OF MULTIPLE PROPORTIONS Two or more elements may combine in different ratios to form more than one compound. H 2 = O 1 H 1 = O 1 21 DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON q Smaller Negatively particles charged than particles the atom from also cathode exist and were are called pulled towards subatomic positively particles. charged plate, anode, allowed pass through and beexperiments detected on q and In 1897, J.J.to Thomson performed awith fluorescent screen. a cathode ray tube. 22 11 3/12/15 DISCOVERY OF THE ELECTRON q In These absence presence observations ofofaamagnetic magnetic indicated field, andthat electric the the cathode cathode fields, rays the were were cathode rays notrays deflected. negatively were deflected charged. towards the positive q plate. These rays were later named electrons. 23 ATOMIC MODEL q Based on these findings, Thomson proposed an atomic model, composed of negatively charged electrons embedded in a uniform positively charged sphere. q This model is called the “plum pudding” model. 24 12 3/12/15 DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS q In these 1910, experiments Ernest Rutherford he bombarded carried out a thin a sheet number of gold foil of experiments with α-particles to further (large,probe positively the nature of emitted charged) the atom. from a radioactive source. 25 DISCOVERY OF THE NUCLEUS q Some Few majority The ofofthe theparticles particles of the particles were wereobserved observed were observed totobebeturned to pass through deflected back towards at large un-deflected the angles. directionor they slightly camedeflected. from. 26 13 3/12/15 NUCLEAR MODEL OF THE ATOM q The Based deflections scatterings on these were observations, caused by glancing head-on Rutherford collision of α-particles proposed a model with the of nucleus. the atom consisting of a small, massive positive Deflection center (nucleus), surrounded by electrons in mostly empty space. Scattering 27 5.5 THE MODERN ATOM q The electrons current model (e-) move of the atom describes rapidly throughitthe as aatomic neutral spherical volume, held by the entity, composed forces attractive of a positively to the charged nucleus nucleus. surrounded by negatively q The nucleus consists of charged electrons. positively charged protons (p+) and neutrally charged neutrons (n0). 28 14 3/12/15 ATOMIC STRUCTURE q The number modern atom of protons consists in an of atom 3 subatomic determines its particles:and is called atomic number (Z). identity, q In a neutral atom, the number of protons (+) are Relative equal to the numberCharge of electrons (–). Particle Mass q Almost all the mass of the atom rests in the Proton +1 ~1800 nucleus. q Therefore the number 0of protons and neutrons in Neutron ~1800 an atom is called the mass number (A). Electron –1 1 29 ATOMIC STRUCTURE q The general designation for an atom is shown below: Atomic number (Z) = # of protons Mass number (A) = # of p+ + # of n0 # of n0 = A - Z 30 15 3/12/15 ISOTOPES q Atoms Isotopesofofthe ansame element element havethat the same possess atomic a different(Z), number number but aof different neutrons mass are number called isotopes. (A). The 3 isotopes of Hydrogen 31 ISOTOPES & ATOMIC MASS q The mass of an atom is measured relative to the mass of a chosen standard (carbon-12 atom), and is expressed in atomic mass units (amu). q The average atomic mass of an element is the mass of that element’s natural occurring isotopes weighted according to their abundance. q Therefore the atomic mass of an element is closest to the mass of its most abundant isotope. 32 16 3/12/15 Example 1: Determine the number of protons, electrons and neutrons in a chlorine atom . 35 17 Cl # of protons = 17 (Z) # of electrons = 17 (= p+) A = 35 Z = 17 # of neutrons = 18 (35 - 17) 33 Example 2: Which two of the following are isotopes of each other? 410 186 X 410 185 Y 412 183 Z 412 185 R Isotopes of an element have the same atomic number, but a different mass number 34 17 3/12/15 Example 3: Based on the information below, which is the most abundant isotope of boron (atomic mass = 10.8 amu) ? Isotope 10B 11B Mass (amu) 10.0 11.0 Atomic mass of an element is closer to the mass of the more abundant isotope 35 CALCULATING MASS FROM ISOTOPIC DATA Isotope Mass (amu) Abundance (%) 107Ag 106.91 51.84 109Ag 108.90 48.16 (0.5184) amu ˆ Ê Mass of ˆÔ¸ Ï ÊAbundance ¸55.42 Ï ÊAbundance ÏÔAtomic mass Ô ¸Ô(106.91) ˆ Ê Mass=of ˆ Ô Ô Ô Ô ˜˜ x Á ˜˜˝Ô+ Ô ˜˜ x Á ˜˜Ô Á Ì ˝=Ô ÌÁ Ì Á Á Á Á ˜ Ë ˜Ô ÔË ˜ Ë ˜˝Ô Á Á Á Á Ô Ô Ô of an element of isotope 1 isotope 1 of isotope 2 isotope 2 Ë ¯ˉ ¯ˉ ¯ˉ ¯ˉ Ô Ó ˛Ô(108.90) Ô (0.4816) = 52.45 Ó ˛Ô Ô Ó amu ˛Ô 107.87 amu 36 18 3/12/15 THE END 37 19