Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Human Anatomy and Physiology
Document related concepts
Transcript
Human Anatomy and Physiology - Honors, Chapter 14 The Digestive System and Body Metabolism INTRODUCTION PART I: ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM Anatomy of the Digestive System Introduction 1. Distinguish the functions of the alimentary canal and accessory digestive organs. _____________________________________ digests and absorbs Accessory digestive organs __________: ex., pancreas provides enzymes Organs of the Alimentary Canal Introduction 2. Trace the alimentary canal. Mouth, __________________, esophagus, _________________, small intestine, _________________________ Mouth 3. Describe functions of the tongue. _______________ food with saliva Initiates ________________________ Holds tastebuds _____________________ Pharynx Esophagus 4. Distinguish the tissues and functions of the four tunics of the alimentary canal. _______________________ Surface epithelium, connective tissue, smooth muscle ______________________________________________ _______________________________ Connective tissue + blood vessels + nerves ____________________ integrity, nourishment, control ___________________________________ Circular and longitudinal smooth muscle Squeezes and ______________________ ___________________ Epithelium ______________________ Stomach 5. Describe the role of peritoneal adhesion in fighting infection. _________________ together around infection Seals it off and _________________________ it 6. Describe the secretions of several cell types in the gastric glands. Chief cells: _______________________ _______________________: HCl Mucous neck cells: ________________ _____________________________ cells: hormones like gastrin 7. Differentiate the three phases of gastric secretion. ________________: sight/smell/taste stimulate via parasympathetic NS in _______________________________ __________________: distension/peptides/high pH stimulate by neural and gastrin Intestinal Distension is initially ___________________________ Further distension _________ by the enterogastric reflex Small Intestine 8. List three modifications of the small intestine, other than its length and diameter, which increase its surface area. Plicae circulares _________________ Microvilli Large Intestine 9. Describe the major functions of the large intestine. ___________________________ and eliminate residues 10. Contrast the inside surfaces of the small and large intestines. Small: plicae, villi, microvilli and ___________________ Large: smooth wall, no enzymes, more mucus-producing cells Bacterial Flora 11. Describe the digestive functions of intestinal bacteria. _______________________ nutrients Release _______________, contribute to odor Make some _____________________ Digestive Process Occurring in the Large Intestine 12. How often can one expect mass movements of material through the colon? _____________________________ times daily 13. Contrast the functions of the external and internal anal sphincters. Internal ________________ sphincter keeps anus closed Mass movement into the rectum initiates defecation reflex, both sphincters relax _____________________________________ sphincter may then be engaged for neatness 14. Contrast three types of food poisoning. _________________ with Salmonella, Shigella, or E. coli _____________________________ of dead Salmonella Botulin exotoxin from _____________ (canned) sources Accessory Digestive Organs Salivary Glands 15. List several functions of saliva. _________________ and binds food Contains _____________________ Protects with ______________ and ________________ Dissolves chemicals for ______________ Teeth 16. Contrast the tissues composing a tooth. Enamel is ________________, no blood vessels/nerves? Dentin = _________________________ Pulp = __________________ tissue, blood vessels, nerves Pancreas 17. Describe the major functions of the pancreas. Produces ________________ Neutralizes __________________________ Produces ___________________ and __________________ Liver and Gallbladder 18. Describe the major digestive functions of the liver and gallbladder. Liver produces ______ to eliminate cholesterol and emulsify fats Gallbladder _____________, concentrates, ______________ bile 19. List the functions of hepatocytes. Produce _______ Process/regulate blood-borne ___________________ Store ________________________ vitamins _______________ by converting ammonia and degrading toxins Produce blood ____________________ 20. How do gallstones form? Cholesterol _______________________________, crystallizes 21. Contrast the causes of infectious and non-infectious hepatitis. _________ forms may be blood-borne (A), or from contaminated ________________________________ Non-infectious forms are from ___________________________ and mushroom poisoning 22. Rationalize several blood chemistry test results that indicate liver dysfunction. High _________________________/decreased urea since ammonia is not being converted to urea High _______________ from degraded Hb; not being excreted High ____________________ may indicate liver is not regulating Increased immunoglobulins to fight liver disease High lipoproteins/triglycerides may indicate liver is not regulating __________________________; liver not able to make enough Functions of the Digestive System Overview of Gastrointestinal Processes and Controls 23. Briefly describe the five essential activities of the gastrointestinal tract. _____________________ - putting food into mouth Food breakdown ________________________: physical, big pieces to small ____________________: enzymatic breakage of chemical bonds Food movement ________________________: contractions push food along ________________________: alternating contractions mix food __________________ - out of the lumen, into the capillaries and lacteals _______________________ - elimination of indigestible waste 24. What are the most important stimuli and responses mediated by receptors in the walls of the digestive tract? Stimuli: __________________, pH, breakdown products Responses Activate/inhibit _____________ making juices/hormones Activate/inhibit _______________________________ 25. Distinguish extrinsic and intrinsic controls on digestive activity. Extrinsic: involve the _____ and stimuli coming from outside the GI tract Intrinsic Initiated by stimuli ___________________________ Responses mediated by nerves entirely with and local hormones Activities Occurring in the Mouth, Pharynx, and Esophagus Food Ingestion and Breakdown 26. Describe the chemical digestion of starch beginning in the mouth. Mouth: starch to ___________________ and oligosaccharides by salivary ______________________ Small intestine: starch to dextrins and oligosaccharides by pancreatic amylase Small intestine: dextrins and oligosaccharides to maltose by ____________________________________________________ Small intestine: maltose to glucose by ____________________ Food Propulsion - Swallowing and Peristalsis Activities of the Stomach Food Breakdown 27. Describe the chemical digestion of protein beginning in the stomach. Stomach: protein to large polypeptides by ______________ __________________________: large polypeptides to small peptides by trypsin, chymotrypsin, carboxypeptidase Small peptides to amino acids by __________________ Food Propulsion 28. How does the enterogastric reflex control the emptying of the stomach? Duodenum __________________ with chyme _______________________________ inhibits stomach emptying Activities of the Small Intestine Food Breakdown and Absorption 29. Describe the mechanical and chemical digestion of lipid beginning in the small intestine. __________________________ by bile salts Emulsified fats to monoglycerides, __________________, fatty acids by pancreatic ________________ 30. Contrast the absorption of lipids and from the absorption of most other substances by the small intestine. Lipids by diffusion into capillaries and ___________________ Amino acids and sugars into the capillaries by _______ transport Food Propulsion Activities of the Large Intestine Food Breakdown and Absorption 31. Describe the digestive functions of intestinal bacteria. _______________ nutrients, release gases, contribute to odor, make some ____________________ Propulsion of Residue and Defecation 32. How often can one expect mass movements of material through the colon? Three or four times ______________ 33. Contrast the functions of the external and internal anal sphincters. ______________ involuntary sphincter keeps anus closed Mass movement into the rectum initiates __________________________________, both sphincters relax External voluntary sphincter may then be engaged for ______________________ PART II: NUTRITION AND METABOLISM Introduction Nutrition Metabolism Introduction 34. Contrast catabolism and anabolism and describe their energetic relationship. _______________ breaks down molecules, anabolism builds them up Catabolism harnesses energy at ATP, ______________ uses that energy Carbohydrate, Fat, and Protein Metabolism in Body Cells Carbohydrate Metabolism 35. How does the body deal with hyperglycemia? Excess glucose is stored as _________________ in the liver and muscles If prolonged, converted to _______ Fat Metabolism 36. How does acidosis/ketosis develop with its associated fruity breath? _______________________________ may be incomplete ____________________ acid and ketones build up = fruity breath Protein Metabolism 37. Contrast essential and non-essential amino acids. Non-essential (12/20) ___________________________ by the body, need not be consumed ____________________ (8/20) cannot be made, must be consumed 38. Describe the processing of excess amino acids. ____________________ removed and combined with CO2 to make urea The rest is digested for ________________ The Central Role of the Liver in Metabolism Introduction 39. List non-digestive functions of the liver. _____________ drugs and alcohol Degrade ________________________ Make ________________________ and blood proteins 40. Why is the blood drained from the viscera routed to the liver via the hepatic portal system? ________________ the liver Regulate _________________________________ levels ____________________ General Metabolic Functions 41. How do glycogenesis, gluconeogenesis, and glycogenolysis contribute to the homeostatic control of blood sugar level? _______________ blood glucose Glycogenolysis ______________________ glycogen to glucose Gluconeogenesis makes ___________ from fats and amino acids __________________ blood glucose _________________ makes glycogen from glucose removed from the blood Cholesterol Metabolism and Transport 42. Why is high LDL bad and high HDL good? ______ transports fats _________________________ ______ transports fats to the ____________ for processing and disposal Body Energy Balance Introduction Regulation of Food Intake 43. What factors are believed to control food intake? __________________ levels Hormones _______________________ factors Metabolic Rate and Body Heat Production 44. Contrast basal metabolic rate and total metabolic rate. ________ = amount of heat per unit of time under basal conditions TMR = total kcal required for ______________________ Body Temperature Regulation 45. Locate the body's thermostat. _____________________________ 46. Distinguish and rationalize the symptoms of heat exhaustion and heat stroke. Heat _______________________ Rapid heartbeat, low BP, ________________________ Fluid loss Heat __________________ Body heat rises rapidly; _______________________ High heat ________________________________, more heat, more __________________________
