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Muscles
MUSCLES:
Suprahyoid = Stylohyoideus Digastric Mylohyoid
Geniohyoid
Infrahyoid = Sternohyoid Omohyoid
Thyrohyoid Sternothyroid
Mastication= Temporalis Masseter Internal Pterygoid-(aka medial pt.) External Pterygoid
-(aka lat. pt.-depresses jaw)
Hamstrings
Triceps Surae Biceps femoris
Gastrocnemius
Semitendinosus
Soleus
Semimembranosus
Achilles Tendon
ROTATOR CUFF MUSCLES:
Muscle
Insertion
Action
Supraspinatus Greater Tub.
Abd
I nfraspinatus Greater Tub.
Ext. Rot.
Teres Minor
Greater Tub.
Ext. Rot.
Subscapularis Lesser Tub.
Int. Rot.
SHOULDER MUSCLES AND INNERVATION:
Latissimus Dorsi
-Thoracodorsal
Serratus Anterior -Long Thoracic (SALT)
Rhomboids
-Dorsal Scapular
Levator Scapulae -Dorsal Scapular
Supraspinatus -Suprascapulai
Infraspinatus
-Suprascapular
Teres Major
-Subscapular
Subscapularis -Subscapular
Deltoid
—Axillary
Teres Minor -Axillary
General Anatomy - Dr. D0nofrlo - Irene Gold Assoc.
MUSCLES OF UPPER ARM
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT:
Muscle
Nerve
Origin
Biceps
Musculocut.
Long Hd= Supraglenoid
Tubercle
Short Hd= Corcoid
(step on the GAS)
Nerve
Suprascap.
Suprascap.
Axillary
Subscap.
Insertion
Radial Tub.
Actions
Flexion
Supination
Process
Coracobrachialis Musculocut.
Coracoid Process
Adduction
MUSCLES OF UPPER ARM
POSTERIORcomPAtmENT:
Triceps
Radial
Long I-Id= Infraglenoid
Abd/Arm
Tubercle
Ext/Forearm
Med Hd= Post. Humerus
Lat Hd= Post & Lat
Surface/Humerus
Brachialis
Musculocut. &
Humerus
Flex/Forearm
Radial
General Anatomy
MUSCLES OF FOREARM
Muscle
Actions
Brachioradialis
Proc/Radius
Flexor Dig. Sup.
Phalanges
Midshaft/Humerus
Olecranon Proc.
Coronoid/Ulna
- Dr. Donofrio - Irene Gold Assoc.
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT:
Nerve
Origin
Radial
Flex/Forearm
Median
Flex/Fingers &
Insertion
Lat. Supracondylar Ridge/
Styloid
Humerus
Med Epicondyle/Humerus
Middle
Coronoid Process/Radius
Wrist
Pronator Quad. Ant. Inteross.
Pron/Forearm
Pronator Teres Median
ProniForearm
Distal Ulna
Flexor Carpi Rad. Median
Metacarp.
Flex/Wrist
Abd./Wrist
Flexor Carpi
Pisiform??
UIn.
Ext &
Distal Radius
Med. Epicond/Humerus
Radius
Coronoid Proc/Radius??
Med Epicond/Humerus
Ulnar
Flex/Wrist
Med
Ulna
Digits 2-5
1st & 2nd
Epicond/Humerus
Add. /Wrist
Flexor Dig. Prof. Median
Ulna
Phalanges
Flex/Fingers &
Digits 2-5
Wrist
Flexor Poll. Long. Median
Radius
Phalanx/
Thumb
Wrist
Palmaris Longis Median
Med Epicond/Humerus
Fascia
Flex/Wrist
Distal
&Ulnar
Distal
Flex/Thumb
&
Palmar
Tenses Palmar
Fascia
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Gold Assoc.
MUSCLES OF FOREARM
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT:
Muscle
Nerve
Origin
Actions
Anconeus
Radial
Lat. EpicondlHumerus
Ext/Forearm
Supinator
Sup/Forearm & Ulna
Abd. Poll. Long.
Abd/Thumb
Radial
Radial
Insertion
Olecranon proc/
Ulna
Lat. Epicond/Humerus
Post Ulna & Radius
Interosseus
Radius
BasellSt Metacarp
membr.
Ext/Thumb
AbdlWrist
Extensor Carpi
Ext/Wrist
Radialis
Abd/Wrist
Extensor Carpi
Ext/Wrist
Radialis Long.
Abd/Wrist
Extensor Carpi
Radial
Lat. Epicond/Humerus
Base/lSt Metacarp
Brev.
Radial
Lat. Supracond. Ridge/
Base/2nd Metacarp
Humerus
Radial
Lat. Epicond/Humerus
Basel5th Metacarp
Ext/Wrist
Ulnaris
Add/Wrist
Extensor Dig,
Ext/Little Finger
Minimi
& Wrist
Extensor
Ext/Fingers
Digitorum
& Wrist
Extensor Pollicis
Ext/Thumb
Brevis
Abd/Thumb
Extensor Pollicis
Ext/Thumb
Longus
&
Ulna
Radial
Lat. Epicond/Humerus
Phal/Sth Metacarp
Radial
Lat. Epicond/Humerus
Base of Phalanges
2 - 5
Radial
Radius
Proximal Phalanx/
Thumb
Radial
Ulna
Distal Phalanx/
Thumb
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Gold Assoc.
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH - ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT:
Muscle
Actions
Quadriceps:
Rectus Femoris
Flex/Thigh
Nerve
Femoral
Origin
ASIS
(crosses
Ext I Leg
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius
Vastus Medialis
Sartorius
Femoral
Flex/Thigh
Insertion
Patella & Tibial Tub.
2
Femur
Femur
Linea Aspera
ASIS
Medial Side/
Tibial
Flex/Leg
joints)
Tuberosity
Lat Rot/Thigh
Med Rot/leg
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH - MEDIAL COMPARTMENT:
Muscle
Nerve
Actions
Adductor Brevis
Obturator
Add/Thigh
Origin
Insertion
Pubis
Femur
Flex/Thigh
Lat
Rot/Thigh
Adductor Longus
Add/Thigh
Obturator
Pubis
Femur
Flex/Thigh
Lat
Rot/Thigh.
Adductor Magnus
Add/Thigh
Obturator &
Ischium
Femur
Tiblal
ExtlThigh
Lat
Rot/Thigh
Gracilis
Adcl/Thigh
FlexlLeg
Pectinius
Add/Thigh
Obturator
Obturator &
Pubis Symph.
Tibia
Pubic Crest
Pectineal Line/Femur
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrlo - Irene Gold Assoc.
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH - POSTERIOR COMPARTMENT:
Muscle
Nerve
Origin
Actions
Biceps
Insertion
Femoral
Flex/Thigh
Femoris
Flex/Leg
Long Head
Rot/Leg
Short
Head
Ext/Thigh
Semimembranosis
Flex/Leg
Tibial
ischial Tuberoslty
Head/Fibula
Lat
Peroneal
Tibial
Ischial Tub.
Femur
Med. Condyle/Tibia
Med
Rot/Leg
Ext/Thigh
Semitendinosis
Flex/Leg
Tibial
Ischial Tub.
Tibia
Med
Rot/Leg
Ext/Thigh
MUSCLES OF THE THIGH - LATERAL COMPARTMENT:
Muscle
Nerve
Origin
Actions
TFL
Sup. Gluteal
ASIS
Tensor/Fascia Lata
Gluteus Maximus
Ext/Thigh
Inf. Gluteal
Insertion
Iliotibial tract &
Lat. Condyle/Tibia
Ilium, Sacrum, &
Gr. Tubercle/Femur
Coccyx
Fascia
Lata
Abd/Thigh
Lat Rot/Thigh
Gluteus Medius
AbdlThigh
Sup. Gluteal
ilium
Gr. TrochanterlFemur
Med Rot/Thigh
Gluteus Minimus
AbdlThigh
Sup. Gluteal
Ilium
Gr. TrochanterlFemur
Med Rot/Thigh
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Gold Assoc.
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG
ANTERIOR COMPARTMENT:
Muscle
Nerve
Origin
Actions
Ext. Digitorum Long.
Deep Peron.
Lat condyle/
Ext/4 i.at Toes
Tibia
Dorsiflex/Foot
Eversion/Foot
Ext. Hallicus Long.
Ext/Big Toe
DEEP PLNCN
Insertion
4 Lat. Toes
&
Fibula
Lat Tibia &
Distal Phalanx/
Interosseous memb.
Big Toe
DorsiflexlFoot
Inversion/Foot
Tibialis Anterior
Deep Peron.
Cuneiform &
Dorsiflex/Foot
Inversion/Foot
Peroneus Tertius
DorsiflexlFoot
Deep Peron
Tibia &
Medial
Interosseous memb.
1st Metatarsal
Fibula &
5th Metatarsal
Interosseous
Eversion/Foot
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG
lATERAL COMPARTMENT:
Muscle
Nerve
Ori_ain
Actions
Peroneus Brevis
Superfic.
Fibula
EversionlFoot
Peroneal
Flexion/Foot
Peroneus Longus
Superfic.
Fibula &
EversionlFoot
Peroneal
Lat condyle/Tibia
Flexion/Foot
memb.
Insertion
5th Metatarsal
Med. Cuneiform &
1si
Metatarsal
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrlo - Irene Gold Assoc.
MUSCLES OF THE LOWER LEG
POSTERIOR COMPARTMENTMuscle
Nerve
Origin
Actions
Gastrocnemius
Tibial
Med & Lat Epicond/
Flex/Foot
Femur
Flex/Leg
Plantaris
Tibial
Femur
Flex/Foot
Flex/Leg
Soleus
Flex/Foot
Flexor Dig. Longus
Let Toes
Tibial
Tibial
Tibia & Fibula
Tibia
Insertion
Calcaneus
Plant.
Calcaneus
Plant.
Calcaneus
Plant.
Distal 4 Phalanges
Flex/4
2-5
Plant.
Flex/Foot
Inversion/Foot
Flexor Hal. Longus
Flex/Big Toe
Medial
Fibula
Distal Phalanx/
Plantar
Great Toe
Plant.
Flex/Foot
Inversion/Foot
Popliteus
Flex/Leg
Tibial
Lat. Fem. Condyle
Post. Tibia
Med.
Rot/Leg
Tibialis Posterior
Flex/Foot
Tibial
Tibia, Fibula
Interosseous
Navicular,
Memb,
Cuneiforms,
Inversion/Foot
2-4th Metatarsals
Plant.
Cuboid,
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Golcl Assoc.
MUSCLES of the PELVIC DIAPHRAGM:
Pubococcygeus Levator Ani
Iliococcygeus
Coccygeus
piriformis m.
pelvis seen from above
lumbar vertebra
hipbone
ischial spine
pubococcygeus m:
rectus
pubic crest
genital hiatus
puborectalis m.
tendinous arch
of pelvic iascia
iliococcygeus m.
coccygeus m.
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Gold Assoc.
Bone:
SKELETAL TERMS:
Epiphysis:
-ends of long bones
Metaphysis:
-between epiphysis & diaphysis - most vascular growth zone
Diaphysis:
.shaft of a long bone
Epiphyseal plate: -cartilage between end and shaft of bone
Osteoblast:
-bone forming cell derived from mesenchyme
Osteoclast:
-multinucleated cell that breaks down bone
Lamella:
-concentric matrix around osteoblast
Lacuna:
-small space or cavity around cells. (contains osteocytes) -Lacuna of
Howship
Trabeculae:
-fibrous strands in medullary compartment that are interconnected
Haversian system?canal and lamellae concentrically arranged. -Basic structural unit
of compact bone.
Volkman's CanaJ: -transverse canal in bone. -contains nutrient artery.
BONY ANATOMY:
Head:
Parietal
Frontal
Temporal
Occipital
Sphenoid
Zygomatic
Ethmoid
Nasal
Maxillary
Mandible
Clavicle:
Lateral 1/3 is trapezius attachment.
Lateral end - acromion process
First bone to begin ossification.
Transmits forces from the arm
Trapezoid line
Con old tubercle
Spine of Scapula at the superior end.
Root of spine at T3.
Coracoid Process
Acromion process
Supraglenoid tubercle
Infraglenoid tubercle
Humerus:
The anatomical neck is immediately distal to the head.
The surgical neck is immediately distal to the anatomical neck
The deltoid tuberosity is on the lateral surface of the humerus =
the deltoid attachment.
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Gold Assoc.
Radius Put a cap on the head of the radius
:
Ulna Coronoid process
Pelvis: (male and female differences)
Male: Pelvic bowl is smaller male: Obturator Foramen is circular Upside down martini
glass;.
Female:
Pelvic bowl is wider female: Obturator Foramen is cat eyes Upside down
margarita glass.
Femur:
Adductor tubercle on the medial femoral condyle.
Adductor Magnus attaches here.
Lesser trochanter is the insertion for Psoas Major muscle.
Fovea Capitus is a small indentation in the head of the femur.
The femoral head is directed Anterior, Superior, and Medial.
Tibia Medial and Lateral condyles Soleal Line on the posterior tibia. Medial
malleolus
:
Fibula: Too short to make up part of the knee joint Lateral malleolus
Intercondylar eminence.
ANATOMICAL PROCESSES ON BONES:
Humerus:
Lesser Tubercle;
Femur: Lesser Trochanter.
h:
h:
h:
h:
h:
h:
h:
Ulna:
:
Apex.
Greater Tubercle
f: Greater Trochanter
Deltoid Tuberosity
f: Intertrochanteric Line
Capitulurn (artlc. wi Radius)
f: Condyles (lat& mecl)
Trochlea (artic. w/ Ulna)
f: Adductor Tubercle
Head (at elbow)
f: Tibia:
Condyle (med &lat)
Radial Tuberosity
f: Soleal Line
Styloid Process (at wrist)
f: Medial Malleolus
f: Intercondylar Eminence
Coronoid Process, Olecranon;
Fibula
u: Ulnar Tuberosity (Trochlear Notch)
u: Head, Styloid (at wrist)
u: Radial Notch.
Scapula:
Spine;
Clavicle: First to ossify.
s: Acromion
s: Coracoid
f: Head of Tibia
f: Lateral Malleolus
c: Trapezoid line
c: Conoid Tubercle
General Anatomy - Dr. Oornofrio - Irene Gold Assoc.
BONES of the HAND:
CARPAL BONES:
Bone
b: Scaphoid (Navicular);
b: Lunate
b: Triquetrum
b: Pisiform (sesamoid bone
b: Trapezium (aka .Greater Multangular)
b: Trapezoid (aka Lesser Multangular)
b: Capitate
b: Hamate
?? Distal; phalanx; Proximal; phalanx; First metacarpal; Trapezoid; Trapezium;
Navicular; Lunate; Phalanges; Metacarpals; Carpals; Capitate; Hamate; Triquetral;
Pisiform.
Joints of the Hand:
Joint:
DiP (Distal Interphal.)
PIP (Prox. Interphal.)
MCP (Metacarpalphalangeal)
BONES of the FOOT:
TARSAL BONES: Talus
Node:
Heberde. n's
Bouchard's
Haygarth's
Pnemonic:
Hell
Being in
Hayward
Calcaneus
Navicular
Cuneiforms: Medial
Middle
Lateral
Cuboid (most lateral)
Merti's Joint = between Tibia and Talus
Main ankle Joint = Talocrural Joint.
Distal phalanx
Proximal phalanx
First metatarsal
First cuneiform
Second cuneiform
Third cuneiform
Navicular
Talus
Middle phalanx
Proximal phalanx
Fifth metatarsal
Cuboid
Calcaneus.
Tuberosity of calcaneus
Disease:
CA
RA or OA
RA
General Anatomy
Ligaments
Shoulder:
Acromioclavicular=
Coracoacromial =
Coracoclavicular =
- Dr. Donofrio - Irene Golcl Assoc.
acromion → clavicle
coracoid → acromion
Conoid and Trapezoid Ligaments
Foot:
Deltoid Ligament
= medial malleolus → Tarsus (Tarsus = talus, navicular,
calcaneous)
1. Tibiotalar
2. Tibionavicular
3. Tibiocalcaneous
Lateral Ligament
= lateral malleolus → Tarsus
Most commonly injured
1. Anterior talofibular
2. Posterior talofibular
3. Calcaneofibular
Spring Ligament
= sustentaculum tall → Navicular
Plantar Calcaneonavicular
Spine:
ALL = Anterior Longitudinal Ligament = Front of vert. Bodies;
From atlas to occuput = Anterior Atlanto-Occipital.
PLL = Posterior Longitudinal Ligament =
portion of canal)
Back of the vat bodies (in the anterior
Wider in Cervicals, Thinner
in Lumbers
Homonym of Sacrococcygeal
From
Tectoral Membrane
LF
= Ligamentum Flavum
IS
SS
= Interspinous
= Supraspinous
C2
to
Occiput
=
= Lamina to Lamina (posterior portion of canal)
High elastic fiber content
= Between the spinous processes
= From SP to SP
From C7 to Occiput =
Ligamentum Nuchas
TL
- Transverse Ligament
= Holds dens in fovea dentalis of atlas
(Fovea Dentalis is on post.
side of ant. tubercle of atlas.)
CL
AL
= Cruciate Ligament
= Alar Ligament
AD
Apical Dental
Pan. of cruciate ligament
= Runs from occiput to body of C2 & includes TL.
= From sides of the dens to occiput.
Limits rotation
aka 'Check Ligament'
= From apex of dens to foramen magnum of occiput
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Golcl Assoc.
Ligaments
Shoulder:
Acromioclavicular= acromion → clavicle
Coracoacromial = coracoid → acromion
Coracoclavicular = Conoid and Trapezoid Ligaments
Foot:
Deltoid Ligament
= medial malleolus → Tarsus (Tarsus = talus, navicular,
calcaneous)
1. Tibiotalar
2. Tibionavicular
3. Tibiocalcaneous
Lateral Ligament
= lateral malleolus → Tarsus
Most commonly injured
1. Anterior talofibular
2. Posterior talofibular
3. Calcaneofibular
Spring Ligament
= sustentaculum tall → Navicular
Plantar Calcaneonavicular
Spine:
ALL = Anterior Longitudinal Ligament = Front of vert. bodies
From atlas to occuput =
Anterior Atlanto-Occipital
PLL = Posterior Longitudinal Ligament = Back of the vat bodies (in the anterior
portion of canal)
Wider in Cervicals, Thinner
in Lumbers
Homonym of Sacrococcygeal
From C2 to Occiput =
Tectoral Membrane
LF
= Ligamentum Flavum
IS
SS
= Interspinous
= Supraspinous
Ligamentum Nuchas
TL
- Transverse Ligament
= Lamina to Lamina (posterior portion of canal)
High elastic fiber content
= Between the spinous processes
= From SP to SP
From C7 to Occiput =
= Holds dens in fovea dentalis of atlas
(Fovea Dentalis is on post.
side of ant. tubercle of atlas.)
CL
AL
= Cruciate Ligament
= Alar Ligament
AD
Apical Dental
Pan. of cruciate ligament
= Runs from occiput to body of C2 & includes TL.
= From sides of the dens to occiput.
Limits rotation
aka 'Check Ligament'
= From apex of dens to foramen magnum of occiput
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Gold Assoc.
Arteries and Veins
CORONARY ARTERIES:
Left Coronary Artery has 3 branches:
Right Coronary Artery has 3 branches;
1. Muscular Branch
1. Muscular Branch
2. Anterior Interventricular Branch
2. Posterior Interventricular Branch
3. Circumflex Artery
3. Marginal Branch
CORONARY VEINS (7): 1. Great Cardiac
2. Middle Cardiac
3. Marginal
4. Anterior Cardiac
5. Small Cardiac
6. Oblique
7. Coronary Sinus -Most veins empty into this
sinus.
BLOOD SUPPLY from the ARCH of the AORTA
Foregut:
Pharynx
Thoracic Aorta
Lower Respiratory Tract
Bronchial
Esophageal
Posterior Intercostals
Abdominal Aorta
Left Gastric a.
Splenic a.
Celiac Trunk
Hepatic a.
Superior Mesenteric a.
(to RIGHT side of Abdomen)
Stomach
Duodenum
Liver & Pancreas
Spleen
Midgut:
Small Intestine
Cecum, Appendix
Ascending Colon
First 2/3 of Transverse Colon
Hindgut:
Last 1/3 of Transverse Colon
Inferior Mesenteric a
Descending Colon
(to LEFT side of Abdomen)
Rectum, Anus
Bladder/Urethra:
Internal lilac a.
Genitalia:
Pudendal a.
VEINS of the ABDOMEN:
Superior Vena Cava (SVC):
Inferior Vena Cava (IVC):
Azygous
.drains Right Abdomen
External & Internal lilac
(R & L Intercostals & Lumbars)
-begins L1 -L2
Hemiazygous -drains Left Abdomen
Common lilac -drains:
-begins L1 -L2
-testicles or ovaries
-crosses over at Ts to join Azygous v.
-Phrenic
-Suprarenal
-Renal
-Hepatic
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrlo - Irene Golcl Assoc.
ARTERIES & VEINS of the ARMS:
Arteries:
Axillary
→ Superior Thoracic
Thoraco-acromial
Lateral Thoracic
Subscapular
Anterior & Posterior Circumflex Humeral
Brachial
→ Profunda Brachii
Radial
→ Superficial and Deep Palmar Arches
Ulnar
Veins:
B asilic
(medial arm)
Median
Cephalic
(middle arm) (lateral arm)
Brachial
Axillary
Subclavian
Brachiocephalic
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrto - Irene Geld Assoc.
ARTERIES & VEINS of the LEGS:
Arteries:
External lliac
Femoral
Popliteal
Anterior Tibial
Posterior Tibial
(front of leg)
(back of leg)
Dorsalis Pedis
Peroneal
Arcuate
Medial & Lateral Plantar
Plantar Arch
Deep:
Superficial:
Med. & Lat. Plantar
Small
Great
,I,
Saphenous
Saphenous
Post. & Ant. Tibia]
(lat. leg)
(med. leg)
Popliteal
Popliteal
Femoral
Femoral
External lilac
Common Iliac
IVC
General Anatomy - Dr. Donofrio - Irene Gold ASSOC.
Nerves
NERVES:
'BRACHIAL PLEXUS:
Anterior Div.
Anterior Div.
C5s - C6 - C7 Lateral Cord
C7 - T1
Medial Cord
head/Median n
Posterior Div.
nn
C5- T1
Post Cord
Upper & Middle Trunk
Inf. Trunk
All 3
Ulnar & Median n
Musculocut. &
Lat
Axillary & Radial
Upper
Subscapular n
Middle
Subscapular n
(Thoracodorsal n)
Lower
Subscapular n