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Name _________________________________________________________Date _________Period _______ All About Ecology Honors Biology – refer to Chapter 41 Biology – refer to Chapter 34 1. What is Ecology? 2. What does the Biosphere contain? ________________________________________________________________ 3. All living things depend on two main factors for their survival. Name, describe and give examples of each. A. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ B. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Ecology is the study of organisms and their relationships with the biotic as well as the abiotic factors: Define each of the following levels and give an example: A. Organisms: _______________________________ B. Population _______________________________ C. Communities ___________________________ D. Ecosystems ______________________________ E. Biosphere ________________________________ Biology –Chapter 36 Hons – Chapter 41 Feeding relationships in the Ecosystem All living things require energy to survive. Define and give examples of each of the following: Producers or Autotrophs: ____________________________________________________________________________ Consumers or Heterotrophs: _________________________________________________________________________ Decomposers or Heterotrophs: ______________________________________________________________________ Herbivores: _____________________________________________________________________________________________ Omnivore: ______________________________________________________________________________________________ Producers get their energy from the _______________. 1 Energy flows through the ecosystem in ONE DIRECTION. It flows from the sun or inorganic compounds to the producers. The consumers then eat the producers. A food chain is a sequence of who eats whom. It is a series of steps that show the transfer of energy from one level (called trophic level) to the next. The arrows denote the direction of energy flow. For example the energy flows from the algae to the mosquito larva as it eats the algae. Therefore the arrow is directed from the algae to the mosquito larvae. 1. All food chains start with which type of living thing? 2. The first organism in each food chain must always be what type of organism? 3. Where do chemosynthetic bacteria get their energy? 4. Define herbivore? Herbivores are also called _______________ 5. The animals that feed on the herbivores are also called? _____________________ 6. Animals that are able to eat both producers and consumers are called? __________________ 7. Secondary consumers are eaten by larger ______________________________ 8. ___________________ consumers eat the secondary consumers. 9. Write a food chain consisting of one producer and 3 consumers. Write 2 FOOD WEBS: Interconnected food chains. 1. What is used to indicate the flow of energy in a food chain or food web? ________________ 2. What is a food web? ____________________________________________________________________________ 3. Write 2 different food chains from the diagram above. Food Chain 1 __________________________________________________________________________________________ Food Chain 2 __________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. Were there any organism/s that was common to both of the food chains? Which ones? 3 Trophic Levels: The trophic level of an organism is the position it holds in a food chain. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Producers - First trophic level Primary consumers are in the second trophic level Secondary consumers eat primary consumers. They are in the third trophic level Tertiary consumers are in the fourth trophic level. Quaternary consumers are the fifth trophic level Food chains "end" with top predators, animals that have little or no natural enemies. When any organism dies, it is eventually eaten by detrivores (like vultures, worms and crabs) and broken down by decomposers (mostly bacteria and fungi), and the exchange of energy continues. Some organisms' position in the food chain can vary as their diet differs. For example, when a bear eats berries, the bear is functioning as a primary consumer. When a bear eats a plant-eating rodent, the bear is functioning as a secondary consumer. When the bear eats salmon, the bear is functioning as a tertiary consumer (this is because salmon is a secondary consumer, since salmon eat herring that eat zooplankton that eat phytoplankton, that make their own energy from sunlight). Think about how people's place in the food chain varies - often within a single meal! Use the Food web from page 3 to place each organism in the correct trophic level. Three of the organisms have been done for you. First trophic level Robin Bug Ladybug Second Trophic level Third trophic level X Fourth Trophic level X Fifth trophic level X X X 1. The 1st trophic level consists of _______________ consumers called _________________. 2. Name the 2nd trophic level (both names). __________________________________________ 3. Secondary consumers may be _______________ eating meat or _______________ that eat both plants and animals. 4. What is the 3rd trophic level called? ____________________________ 5. What is the 4th trophic level called? _______________________________ 6. At the 5th trophic level would be _____________ consumers that eat _____________ consumers. 4 Energy Flows through the Ecosystem: Energy from the sun is used by autotrophs and converted to energy in the chemical bonds of organic compounds Ex. Sugars. This allows the plant to grow (increase in mass) and reproduce (increase in numbers). Heterotrophs then eat the autotrophs, use the energy in the organic food in order to survive, grow and reproduce. However, when energy I changed from one from to another, much of that energy is lost as heat and other forms than cannot be used for useful work in the next level. Additionally some energy remains at each level. When a caterpillar eats a leaf 50% of the energy stored in the leaf passes out of the body as waste and/or heat 40% is used for the caterpillar to survive Only 10% is used to increase the size of the caterpillar So when the robin eats the caterpillar, it is getting only 10% of the caterpillar This applies to not only energy but also biomass (mass of the living thing) and numbers. 10% Rule states that only 10% of energy, biomass and numbers are available as you go up each trophic level. This is often represented pictorially in a pyramid. The three pyramids are essentially similar. 5 Energy Pyramid Every time an organism eats, it obtains energy from its food So energy is transferred from the 1st trophic level to the 2nd trophic level to the 3rd trophic level and so on. Some of this energy is lost along the way during an organism’s metabolism and as heat This energy can be measured in kilocalories (kcal) Energy pyramid: picture showing how much energy is transferred to the different trophic levels in a food chain Trophic Level Energy Available 4th Tertiary consumers 10 kcal/m2/year 3rd Secondary consumers 100 kcal/m2/year 2nd Primary consumers 1000 kcal/m2/year 10,000 kcal/m2/year 1st Producers 6 1. In the pyramid of energy, which trophic level contains highest amount of energy? ________________, numbers __________________________, biomass _______________________________. 2. There are many more ______________________________________ then there are secondary consumers. 3. What does the shape of the energy pyramid suggest? ___________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 4. An ecosystem cannot have more than 4-5 trophic levels. Why? ________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 5. When you eat lettuce you are a _______________________ 6. When you eat a chicken that has eaten a bug that has eaten the lettuce, you are a _________________________? 7. In this ecosystem, the energy in the leaves (producers) is calculated to be 100, 000 kcal. How much of that energy are you getting when you eat the lettuce? ______________________ chicken? ______________________, 8. How much energy is the chicken getting when it eats the bug? __________________ Survival and Interaction between and within populations Habitat: The place where an organism lives out its life Niche: all the strategies and adaptations a species uses in its environment o Includes all its interactions with the biotic and abiotic parts of the environment o Each type of organism occupies its own niche to avoid competition with other types of organisms Two species can share the same habitat but not the same niche o Example: Ants and bacteria both live in the dirt (habitat) but have different niches. Ants eat dead insects and bacteria eat dead leaves, dead logs, and animal waste. So ants and bacteria don’t compete for resources. Survival Relationships Predator-prey: predators are consumers that hunt and eat other organisms called prey Symbiosis: relationship in which one species lives on, in, or near another species and affects its survival There are 3 types of symbiosis 1. Mutualism: type of symbiosis in which both species benefit 7 Ants living in the tropical acacia trees- trees are protected when ants attack animals that try to feed on the tree and ants receive nectar and shelter from the tree. 2. Commensalism: type of symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other species is neither harmed nor benefited Spanish moss grows on the branches of trees. The moss gets a habitat and the tree gets nothing. 3. Parasitism: type of symbiosis in which one species benefits and the other species is harmed Parasite: organism that harms but does not kill another organism Host: organism that is harmed by a parasite Ticks feed on dogs, people, etc. The ticks get food (blood) and the hosts lose blood and can be infected with disease. For each of the statements below, state if True or False _______________ A habitat is the role a species plays in a community. _______________ Habitats may change. _______________ A niche is the place where an organism lives its life. _______________ A habitat can include only one niche. _______________ A species’ niche includes how the species meets its needs for food and shelter. _______________ The centipedes and worms that live under a certain log occupy the same habitat but have different niches. _______________It is an advantage for two species to share the same niche. _______________ Competition between two species is reduced when the species have different niches. 8 Period ___ Name __________________________________________________Date ________________ Deer: Predation or Starvation Introduction: In 1970 the deer population of an island forest reserve about 518 square kilometers in size was about 2000 animals. Although the island had excellent vegetation for feeding, the food supply obviously had limits. Thus the forest management personnel feared that overgrazing might lead to mass starvation. Since the area was too remote for hunters, the wildlife service decided to bring in natural predators to control the deer population. It was hoped that natural predation would keep the deer population from becoming too large and also increase the deer quality (or health), as predators often eliminate the weaker members of the herd. In 1971, ten wolves were flown into the island. Procedure: The results of this program are shown in the following table. The Population Change is the number of deer born minus the number of deer that died during that year. Fill out the last column for each year (the first has been calculated for you). Year Wolf Population Deer Population Deer Offspring Predation Starvation Deer Population Change 1971 10 2,000 800 400 100 +300 1972 12 2,300 920 480 240 1973 16 2,500 1,000 640 500 1974 22 2.360 944 880 180 1975 28 2,224 996 1,120 26 1976 24 2,094 836 960 2 1977 21 1,968 788 840 0 1978 18 1,916 766 720 0 1979 19 1,952 780 760 0 1980 19 1,972 790 760 0 1. Graph the deer and wolf populations on the graph below. Use one color to show deer populations and another color to show wolf populations. 9 Analysis 1. Describe what happened to the deer and wolf populations between 1971 and 1980. 2. What do you think would have happened to the deer on the island had wolves NOT been introduced? 3. Most biology textbooks describe that predators and prey exist in a balance. Some scientists have criticized this “balance of nature” hypothesis because it suggests a relationship between predators and prey that is good and necessary. Opponents of this hypothesis propose the following questions: Why is death by predators more natural or "right" then death by starvation? How does one determine when an ecosystem is in "balance"? Do predators really kill only the old and sick prey? What evidence is there for this statement? What is your opinion of the balance of nature hypothesis? Would the deer on the island be better off, worse off, or about the same without the wolves? Defend your position. 10 Cycles in Nature There is only a limited amount of resources (water, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon) on the earth In order to keep these resources available to organisms, they must be recycled after they are used Cycle: a process that recycles a resource so that you end up with what you started with Nitrogen Cycle 1. Nitrogen fixation: Bacteria in the ground change nitrogen from the atmosphere (N2) to different nitrogen compounds 2. These bacteria live in plants and transfer the nitrogen compounds to the plants 5. Denitrification: Bacteria change the nitrogen compounds back to N2 and release it to the atmosphere 4. Bacteria eat the dead animals and animal waste and take in the nitrogen compounds 3. Animals eat the plants and take in the nitrogen compounds Bacteria change nitrogen compounds back to nitrogen and release it into the atmosphere Nitrogen in atmosphere Bacteria eat dead animals Bacteria in roots change nitrogen to nitrogen compounds 11 Water Cycle 3. Transpiration: 2. Seepage: Water Plants give off water to the atmosphere seeps into the ground and plants use it 1. Precipitation: Rain and snow fall from the atmosphere to the earth 2. Runoff: Extra 3. Evaporation of water runs off the land to lower-lying bodies of water water from the bodies of water back into the atmosphere 12 Oxygen-Carbon Cycle 1. Carbon dioxide (CO2) and oxygen (O2) are found in the atmosphere 2. Plants use CO2 to make 2. Animals and plants use their own food (photosynthesis) the O2 to make energy (respiration) 3. During photosynthesis, plants 3. During respiration, animals and release O2 back into the atmosphere plants release CO2 back into the atmosphere 13 Answer the following questions: 1. Describe the role of producers in carbon cycle _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Describe the role of producers in oxygen cycle. _________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Which organisms can use nitrogen directly from the atmosphere? ___________________________ 4. How does nitrogen return to the atmosphere? __________________________________________________ 5. It is said that bacteria is the anchor of the ecosystem. Give two reasons why we cannot survive without bacteria? _________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 6. Explain how photosynthesis and cellular respiration is involved in cycling of oxygen and carbon. _____________________________________________________________________________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 7. Follow a raindrop through two possible paths through the water cycle, ending as water vapor in the atmosphere. Path 1____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ Path 2____________________________________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 8. You are one of the six people chosen to live on a self-contained space station. What organisms would you take with you? Describe the functions you will need each organism to perform so you can live there for the next three years when the space shuttle will come for you. 14 Ecology Glossary: Biology – Chapter 34/35 Honors Biology – Chapter __________ 1. Biotic factors: _________________________________________________________________________________ Examples of biotic factors _________________________________________________________________________ 2. Abiotic factors: ________________________________________________________________________________ Examples of abiotic factors ________________________________________________________________________ Biology Chapter 35 1. Exponential growth __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 2. Carrying capacity __________________________________________________________________________ ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________ 3. Factors effecting population growth a. Density dependent factor ____________________________________________________________________ Examples of density dependent factors _____________________________________________________ b. Density independent factors __________________________________________________________________ Examples of density independent factor _____________________________________________________ c. Competition: __________________________________________________________________________________ i. Interspecific competition: Competition with other species Ex wolves with coyotes ii. Intraspecific competition: Competition within the species. Ex Wolves with wolves Biological Magnification, also called bioaccumulation -- is the process whereby certain substances such as pesticides or heavy metals move up the food chain. These substances work their way into rivers or lakes, and are eaten by aquatic organisms such as fish, which in turn are eaten by large birds, animals or humans. The substances, called bioaccumulants, become concentrated in tissues or internal organs as they move up the chain. Example: Extensive use of DDT to control mosquitoes resulted in its accumulation in the biological matter and get concentrate as it moved up the food chain eventually getting to deleterious levels in the bald eagle (top of the food chain). These resulted in the birds laying eggs with thin shells that compromised the developmental process and almost made these birds extinct. 15