Download Changes to the Genetic Code (6E)

Standard: B.4A
I need to remember…
•
•
•
•
Prokaryotic cells DO NOT have a true nucleus.
In eukaryotic cells, the DNA is surrounded by a membrane.
Both types of cells have ribosomes.
SOME eukaryotic cells and all prokaryotic cells are
surrounded by a cell wall.
• Eukaryotic cells have organelles surrounded by membranes.
Keywords/Essential Vocab:
• “Pro Means No”
• Nucleus
• Membrane bound organelles
• Prokaryote = Bacteria
Standard: B.4B
I need to remember…
• Osmosis is the diffusion of water molecules across a semipermeable membrane.
• Sometimes the movement of molecules across a semipermeable membrane requires energy (active transport).
• Homeostasis has been reached when the number of
molecules inside a cell is equal to the number of molecules
on the outside of the cell (equilibrium).
Diffusion
Keywords/Essential Vocab:
Concentration
Concentration Gradient
Particles
Water
Transport Protein
ATP
Energy
Osmosis
Cellular Transport
Standard: B.4C
I need to remember…
• Viruses are considered to be non-living.
• Viruses can replicate by two methods – lytic infection and
lysogenic infection.
• Viruses and cells have one structure in common: nucleic
acids.
• HIV is a retrovirus that infects and destroys immune system
cells.
Virus Structure
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• Pathogen
• Bacteriophage
• HIV
• Influenza
• Lysogenic
• Lytic
• Lysis = to burst
• Capsid (Protein)
• Envelope (Lipid)
• Glycoprotein (Spike)
Lytic vs. Lysogenic Cycle
Standard: B.5A
I need to remember…
• The cell cycle includes interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis.
• Describe what is happening with the genetic material in the following stages:
–
–
–
–
–
Interphase (G1, S, G2): cell grows, DNA replicates
Prophase : chromosomes become visible
Metaphase: chromosomes line up along the equator
Anaphase: chromosomes move away, toward opposite poles
Telophase: two new nuclei are formed
• Which of the above are phase of mitosis? Prophase, metaphase, anaphase,
& telophase
• The end results of the cell cycle are 2 daughter cells which are genetically
identical to the parent cell. The cell cycle is important for growth and repair.
Cell Cycle
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• Interphase (G1, S, G2)
• Mitosis
• PMAT
• Cytokinesis
• Growth (G0, G1, G2)
• S-Phase = DNA replication
• Diploid
• Exact Copies
• Checkpoints
• Apoptosis
• CANCER!!
Cell grows,
prepares to
divide
Nucleus divides
Cell divides
DNA replicates
Go: Cell goes
through
“checkpoint”
G1: cell grows
IPMATC
I Punched My Algebra Teacher’s Cat
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase Cytokinesis
Standard: B.6A
I need to remember…
• The monomers for DNA are nucleotides, which
include the following 3 parts: sugar, phosphate, and a
nitrogen base.
• The genetic code in DNA for polypeptides is located in
the arrangement of the nitrogen bases.
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• DNA vs mRNA
• Replication
• Semiconservative
• Helicase/Polymerase
• Transcription
• Translation
• Codon
• Central Dogma
• Nucletotide
• Adenine, Thymine, (Uracil)
• Cytosine, Guanine
Transcription
Translation
DNA Replication
Central Dogma
DNA
mRNA
Protein
Standard: B.6E
I need to remember…
• Mutations are changes in the DNA that can be inherited.
• Certain codons are responsible for starting the production
of a protein, and other codons stop the process.
• Mutations occur when bases are added or deleted and
when segments of DNA are missing.
• Not all mutations are harmful – some are very beneficial.
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• Amino Acid
• Point
• Substitution
• Frameshift
• Insertion
• Deletion
*know how to read a Codon
Chart!
Standard: B.6F
I need to remember…
• In Mendelian genetics, traits can be dominant or recessive.
• Punnett squares are the model used to predict genetic
outcomes.
• A genotype is the genetic makeup of an organism; a
phenotype is the physical characteristic determined by the
genotype.
• Types of non-Mendelian inheritance include sex-linked
traits, incomplete dominance, codominance.
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• Genotype
• Phenotype
• RATIOS!
• Gene Expression
• Trait
• Gene
• Allele
• Dominant
• Recessive
• Homozygous
• Pure
• Heterozygous
• Mixed/Hybrid
*know how to set up and solve
a Punnett Square!
Monohybrid vs Dihybrid
Standard: B.7A
I need to remember…
• DNA sequences (genomes) are used to determine
how closely related organisms are to one another.
• Examining fossil remains enables scientists to
understand how modern organisms developed over
time.
Developmental Homologies
Anatomical Homologies
Fossil Record
Biogeography
Molecular Homologies
Standard: B.7E
I need to remember…
• Survival of the fittest is an organism’s ability to reproduce
and pass on its traits to the next generation.
• Natural selection does not act on an individual, but on a
population.
• Biological and physical influences determine the survival of
organisms.
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• Natural Selection
• Artificial Selection
• Selective Breeding/farming
• Evolution
• Small Population
• Bottleneck Effect
• Founder Effect
• Non-random Mating
• Mutations
• Gene Flow
• Immigration
• Emigration
• Natural Selection
• Gene Pool
• Adaptation
• Fitness
• Survival of the fittest
• Trait
• Inherited Variation
Standard: B.8B
I need to remember…
• The domain is the group that includes the greatest number
of organisms and exhibits the greatest diversity of
organisms.
• The species is the group that includes the fewest number of
organisms and exhibits the least diversity of organisms.
• Taxonomy is a branching classification system that provides
a standardized method for grouping organisms.
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• KNOW YOUR KINGDOMS CHART!
• Fungi
• Chitin
• Plantae
• Cellulose
• Eubacteria
• “Eu” can make “you” sick
• Peptidoglycan
• Archaebacteria
• “philes”
• Extreme environments
Standard: B.9A
I need to remember…
• Sugars, the smallest carbohydrates, serve as quick energy.
(Monomer = monosaccharide)
• Lipids can be used for storing long-term energy.
(Monomer = fatty acid)
• A protein’s function depends on its unique sequence of amino
acids. (Monomer = amino acid)
• Nucleic acids store and transmit genetic information.
(Monomer = nucleotide)
• Organic molecules contain carbon-hydrogen bonds.
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• CHO
• 1:2:1
• 4 calories per gram
• Sugar
• Starch
• Quick Energy
• Saccharide
• Polysaccharide
• Monosaccharide
Carbohydrates
• Rings that link
together in
chains
• Ratio of carbon:
hydrogen:
oxygen is 1:2:1
• contain C, H, O
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• CHO
• NOT 1:2:1
• 9 calories per gram
• Fats, Oils, Waxes
• Saturated
• Unsaturated
• Chain Shaped
• Glyceride
Lipids
The instructions for arranging amino acids into
many different proteins is stored in DNA.
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• CHON
• R-group
• 4 calories per gram
• Amino Acid
• Polypeptide
• Muscle
• Bone
• Hair
• You are your proteins
• Gene Expression
• Translation
Nucleic Acids:
Key Words/Essential Vocab:
• CHONP
• Nucleotide
• Phosphate, Sugar, Nitrogenous Base
• Genetic Material
Standard: B.10A
I need to remember…
• Systems do not stand alone; they must work with other
systems to enable the organism to function properly.
• Each system has specific functions that it must perform, but
each system is closely connected to other systems in the
body and work with them to perform its functions.
Standard: B.10B
I need to remember…
• Plants, like animals, are composed of different systems that interact to
benefit the plant.
• One system cannot survive without interacting and depending on other
systems in the plant.
• Some systems enable the plant to respond to stimuli it receives from its
environment, such as touch, light, and gravity.
• Each system is composed of smaller systems; for example, the transport
system is composed of xylem and phloem found in the leaves, stems, and
roots of plants.
• PHOTOSYNTHESIS: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + light  6 O2 + C6H1206
• CELLULAR RESPIRATION: 6 O2 + C6H1206  6 H2O + 6 CO2 + ATP
Transport System
Response System
Reproductive System
Photosynthesis
6CO2
Carbon
Dioxide
+
6H2O
Water
C6H12O6
Glucose
+
6O2
Oxygen
+
Energy
(Sunlight)
6CO2
Carbon
Dioxide
C6H12O6
Glucose
+
6H2O
Water
Cellular Respiration
+
+
6O2
Oxygen
Energy
(ATP)
Standard: B.11D
I need to remember…
• Species living in an ecosystem gradually change over time, as do
the physical and chemical environments within that ecosystem.
• In an ecosystem left undisturbed, succession follows predictable
stages: primary, secondary, and climax communities.
• Autotrophs are the first pioneer species to inhabit an ecosystem in
the primary stage; heterotrophs follow autotrophs in the stages of
succession – first herbivore heterotrophs, then carnivores and
omnivores.
Standard: B.12A
I need to remember…
• Organisms in an ecosystem exhibit different types of relationships
as they interact.
• Some ways organisms interact is by competing for food and other
resources.
• Relationships that may be found in an ecosystem include
parasitism, mutualism, commensalism, competition, and
predation (predator/prey).
Competition
Predation
Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism
Standard: B.12C
I need to remember…
• Ecological pyramids are used to illustrate how organisms in an ecosystem
transfer matter and energy from one trophic level to another.
• Approximately 10% of the available energy in a trophic level is passed on to
the next trophic level. The remaining energy, approximately 90%, is used for
metabolic functions or dissipated as heat.
• Sunlight – radiant energy – is used by plants for photosynthesis. Organisms
that feed on plants are able to use about 10% of the energy that was
available to the plants. The transfer and dissipation of energy continue from
one trophic level to the next.
10% Rule:
If no numbers are
given to you, then
assume that the
producers have 100%
available energy.
Standard: B.12F
I need to remember…
• The stability of an ecosystem can be affected by a natural disaster.
• Natural disasters such as hurricanes, droughts, floods, and so on
can alter the stability of an ecosystem. These disasters can cause
some organisms to diminish in number or become extinct so that
their niche in an ecosystem is altered. It can take years for an
ecosystem to recover from a natural disaster and regain stability.