* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Syntax: samenvatting Category Main lexical categories Noun (N
Scottish Gaelic grammar wikipedia , lookup
Arabic grammar wikipedia , lookup
American Sign Language grammar wikipedia , lookup
Macedonian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old Norse morphology wikipedia , lookup
Japanese grammar wikipedia , lookup
French grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic weak verb wikipedia , lookup
Udmurt grammar wikipedia , lookup
Germanic strong verb wikipedia , lookup
Old Irish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ukrainian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Esperanto grammar wikipedia , lookup
Navajo grammar wikipedia , lookup
Modern Hebrew grammar wikipedia , lookup
Chinese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Portuguese grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kannada grammar wikipedia , lookup
English clause syntax wikipedia , lookup
Swedish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Turkish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Hungarian verbs wikipedia , lookup
Polish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Russian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Old English grammar wikipedia , lookup
Italian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Kagoshima verb conjugations wikipedia , lookup
Yiddish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Ancient Greek grammar wikipedia , lookup
Latin syntax wikipedia , lookup
Spanish grammar wikipedia , lookup
Antisymmetry wikipedia , lookup
Georgian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Serbo-Croatian grammar wikipedia , lookup
Lexical semantics wikipedia , lookup
Syntax: samenvatting Category Main lexical categories Noun (N) Verb (V) Preposition (P) Adjective (Adj) Adverb (Advr) How do we distinguish? Distributional (Place) Morphological 1. Inflectional ex. N → take plural inflection A → take comperative endings V → can take tense endings 2. Derivational Affixes attach to certain things ex. “un-” attatches to A “re-” & “ment” attatch to verbs “-ize” attatches to nouns/adjectives Certain elements can belong to more than one class. Verbs Two types Transitive: two arguments ex. To eat (Iarg1 eat souparg2) Intransitive: one argument ex. To fall (Iarg1 fell - *Iarg1 fell souparg2) two types Ergatives (unaccusative) Unergatives ex. to sleep Hww = hebben Can not be a participial adjective (ex. *de geslapen jongen) can take agentive -er (ex. de slaper) logical/semantic subject in the subject position (SpecVP) ex. to fall, to to come Hww = zijn Can be a participial adjective (ex. De gevallen appel) cannot take agentive -er (ex. *de valler) logical/semantic subject in the OBJECT position (complement of V0) Burzio's generalization If a verb does not assign an external theta-role, it cannot assign accusative case. → ergative verbs do not assign external theta-role, but cannot assign accusative case. This is why, in ergative verbs, the logical/semantic subject is in the object position. Movement Head to head movement (V0 → T0 (→C0)) To preserve word order (Verb second phenomenon in Dutch) Specifier tot specifier movement Subject of a verb moves up to get case (SpecVP → SpecTP) Theta-theory Principle A: A theta role can be assigned to only one DP Principle B: A DP can only be assigned one theta role Projection principle Principle A: All theta-roles of a verb must be assigned. Principle B: Theta-relations remain constant throughout the derivation Extended projection principle Every verb needs a subject. → expletives appear in the subject position in verbs that don't assign an external theta-role (raising verbs) Case filter Every DP gets case C-command A c-commends B (and al the nodes B dominates) is the first branching node that dominates A also dominates B, and A and B don't dominate each other. (maw A en B zijn zusters) Governement A governs B if A is a head A c-command B No barrier between A and B When A governs B, A can assign case to B Binding theory bound free binding domain = co-indexation with a c-commending antecedent = not bound = Smallest clause containing a bindee, governor of this bindee and a subject bindee = the thing which is bound (anaphor or pronoun) governor = case assigner A: An anaphor must be bound within it's binding domain B: A pronoun must be free in it's binding domain C: An R-expression needs to be free Hulpwerkwoorden in het Nederlands (uit het boek: p201,202) In het Nederlands selecteren hulpwerkwoorden van tijd (zijn en hebben) een VP als complement, met in V0 het 'echte' werkwoord in voltooid deelwoord vorm. Modale werkwoorden (moeten, kunnen, willen, ...) gedragen zich als lexicale werkwoorden en doen dit dus ook. Het hulpwerkwoord verhuist van V0 (1) door naar C0 omdat Nederland V2 is. Wh-movement why? to type a clause as a question Covert movement? Wh-phrases are also quantificational elements (need to be in non-argument positions) landing site: SpecCP tail: case marked position There is also covert movement: Quantifier raising Motivation: quantifiers need to be in non-argument position to take scope Lading site: adjunction Wh covert movement Wh-in situ languages (like Chinese): the Wh-phrase moves up (and back) to mark a clause as a question. The English what in “Who bought what” is comparable. OVERT: English, Dutch, French, … COVERT: Chinese, multiple questions in Dutch, English, ... Successive cyclic movement Partial Wh-movement indicates intermediate landing spots. Child languages also confirm the existence of these intermediate landing spots. Wh-phrases (and DP's) land in every possible landing spot. They do not skip spots. Types of nominals of traces DP trace: like anapors: bound in the A-domain (A=argument) → A-movement Wh trace: like R-expression: A-bar-binding (non-argument binding) → A-bar movement Islands Descriptive term for domains from which a DP cannot move out. Why not? Distance (locality) Binding of traces Wh-islands Adjunct islands Sentential subject islands Complex DP islands (relative or noun-complement) Relative clauses Noun-complement die of dat GAP vb/ de student die __ een boek las het boek dat de student __ las. subject relative – object relative dat NO gap vb/ de bewering dat Jan slim is Subjacency Subjacency violations ‣ movement which cross more than one bounding node at a time. ‣ an antecedent cannot bind its trace across more than one bounding node ‣ DP and IP are bounding nodes Empty category principle An empty category must be properly governed. Proper government: a properly governs be if: → a lexically governs b OR → a's antecedent governs b Lexical government: government by a lexical element Antecedent government: subjacent c-commanding antecedent OBJECT: always lexically governed → only subjacency violation SUBJECt: violation of both ECP and subjacency Extraposition In Dutch, the clausal arguments are always to the RIGHT of V0 → extraposition: the whole clause adjoins to the right