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CHAPTER 5 Classical Greece Section 1: Cultures of the Mountains and the Sea How did geography in!uence the Greeks? Rocky land with high mountains and deep valleys. Moving over the land was di"cult Because of the structure of the land Greeks were not easily united Good farmland covered only about 1/5 of Greece# Greeks became good sailors the need for resources and easy access to the sea resulted in the Greeks becoming good sailors the mild climate allowed for the people of Greece to spend much time outside. Mycenaean Civilization Develops Who were the Mycenaeans? A large group of people moved from Europe, India and Southwest Asia around 2000 BC They developed a strong culture. They borrowed many of their ideas from Crete Fought a long war with the people of Troy called the Trojan War Greek Culture Declines Under the Dorians What was Greece like under the Dorian? Mycenaeans fell about 1200 BC and the Dorians occupied the land. For the next 400 years Greece culture declined, there are very few written records of this time Without written word the spoken word became very important How did Homer keep Greek culture alive under the Dorians? A great story teller named Homer spoke great epic poems about heroes and their deeds. Iliad centers on the heroes of the Trojan War Rich myths or stories explaining the actions of the gods were also told during this time Section 2: Warring CityStates Rule and Order in Greek City States How were city states governed? The center of Greek life was the polis $ or city state The city state had di%erent kinds of governments. Some had monarchy $ ruled by a king or queen, aristocracy $ ruled by a small group of noble families or an oligarchy $ government ruled by a few powerful people Athens Builds a Limited Democracy How was Athens governed? democracy $ government of the people Solon came to power in 594 BC, he gave citizens a greater voice. Only free adult men were considered citizens, which made it a limited democracy instead of a full democracy Sparta Builds a Military State How was Sparta governed? A Council of Elders and elected o"cials governed Sparta The Military and being a great soldier was very important to Sparta The Persian Wars Weapons and &ghting style of the Greeks Over the years the Greeks developed the ability to make iron weapons. Each city state had its own army. Soldiers stood side by side. They held a spear in one hand and a shield in the other. Together they formed a phalanx In 490 BC Persians landed 25,000 soldiers on the coast of Greece. At the Battle of Marathon, the Greeks won a tremendous victory that saved Athens 10 years later, the Persians returned. The Greeks lost a battle on land despite the heroic e%orts of a small band of Spartans. The Persians burned Athens However the ships of Athens won a great sea battle and followed up with a great victory on land. Section 3: Democracy and Greece’s Golden Age Pericles' Plan for Athens Pericles led Athens during its golden age. He set three goals 1. Make Athens much more democratic (helped bring about a direct democracy ! one ruled directly by the citizens 2. Make Athens stronger (created a very strong navy 3. Make Athens beautiful Drama and History Athens became home to a group of very skilled playwrights who wrote either tragedies ! plays about pain and su%ering of human life or comedies ! plays that made audiences laugh about important issues and ideas Athenians and Spartans Go to War The Peloponnesian War began in 431 BC The con!ict ended badly for Athens A horrible plague killed a great many people in Athens Several battles were fought and they signed a truce and Athens gave up and lost its empire in 404 BC Philosophers Search for Truth Philosophers $ thinkers who tried to understand human life Socrates $ one of the great thinkers. He believed deeply in truth and justice. Some thought his teaching were dangerous to young people. He was brought to trial and put to death Plato ! Socrates pupil, became a great thinker himself and wrote The Republic Aristotle ! Plato's student who developed a method for testing and organizing ideas Section 4: Alexander’s Empire Philip Builds Macedonian Power Philip II became king of Macedonia $ kingdom located just north of Greece He was a strong leader and trained his troops to be tough &ghters. Macedonia's attacked Greece and won Philip planned to invade Persia but was killed His son Alexander became king and became know as Alexander the Great Alexander Defeats Persia In 334 BC Alexander invaded Persia. Darius III raised a huge army to face him, Alexander used a surprise attack that forced Darius III to retreat. Alexander conquered Egypt and he was crowned pharaoh and he named the city after himself, Alexandria. He &nished Persia o% and the empire was his Alexander’s Other Conquest Alexander pushed east taking his army as far as India He decided to return home and he was making plans on how to govern his empire when he became ill and died at the age of 33. Three of his generals divided his empire One ruled Macedonia and Greece One ruled Egypt One ruled the lands of the old Persian Empire Section 5: The Spread of Hellenistic Culture Hellenistic Culture in Alexandria Hellenistic ! blended culture of the Greeks, Egyptian, Persian and Indian in!uences The center of the new culture was Alexandria in Egypt. It was a large city with a great ship harbor and the &rst true research library. Science and Technology Scholars used observatory to look at the stars and the planets. One of these astronomers developed the idea that the sun was actually larger than the Earch. Euclid ! wrote a book with the basic ideas of geometry Archimedes ! invented many clever machines, one was the pulley another was called Archimedes screw which was used to bring water from lower level to a higher one Philosophy and Art Two new schools of philosophy developed Stoics $ argued that people should live a good life to keep themselves in harmony with natural laws. Desire, power and wealth led people down the wrong path Epicureans $ said that people could rely only on what they learned from their &ve senses. They urged everyone to live a moral life. One of the greatest works of Art the Colossus of Rhodes was created during this time period.