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Geography and Map Skills Time Period: 4 million years ago to 8,000 B.C.E. Key Terms -geography -world in spatial terms -places and regions -physical systems -human systems -environment and society -uses of geography -culture -history -social groups -language -religion -daily life -arts -economy -government -historian -prehistory -map key (legend) -drought -famine -GPS -GIS -map scale -latitude -longitude -parallels -meridians -compass rose -Equator -Prime Meridian -hemisphere -relative location -absolute location -physical map -political map -special purpose map -choropleth -globe -map projection -map distortion -landforms -artifacts -fossils -soil erosion -ecosystem -7 Natural Wonders of Africa -Himalayas -Gobi Desert -natural resources -renewable resources -axis -climate -Highland Climate -Tropical Climate -Mid Latitude Climate -Dry Climate -Continent -ocean -decade -century -epoch -era -Millennium -BC/BCE -AD/CE -satellite imagery -aerial photography -cultural diffusion Key Places World Maps. You must know the continents and oceans. Key People They are apes with opposable thumbs and a “slightly” larger neo-cortex; no one person could accomplish anything except to occasionally kill an animal for food. Key Terms geography- study of people, their environment in which they live, and the resources available to them. Geography affects people in six ways (themes or elements): the world in spatial terms, places and regions, physical systems, human systems, environment and society, and the uses of geography. It is important because it shows the connections between people, places, and things. the world in spatial terms-how to use maps and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, and report information from a spatial (in a physical space a location). How to use a spatial organization of people, places, and environments in a spatial context. Absolute location – exact location on earth’s surface. Uses latitude and longitude. Relative location – where a place is in relation to another place. places and regions-area. We use physical characteristics (natural things like bodies of water, forests, mountains, etc.) and human characteristics (human created things like music, art, culture, buildings, etc.) to describe places. Regions-areas that share certain characteristics. There are several types-physical (set of mountains), political region (country or state or school district), economic (region that shares trade routes that are closely interconnected), cultural regions which share the same culture (Amish Pennsylvania) physical systems(structures)-the physical process that shape patterns of the earth’s surface. Things like wind, rain, storms, water moving through land, etc. human systems-how humans and cultures live in a place, more around, and interact with other cultures. They can move, trade, exchange ideas, cooperate, or fight. environment and society-how people interact with the environment. i.e. how people depend on their environment (water for drinking and growing food); how people adapt to their environment (create air conditioners in Florida so it is more comfortable); modify their environment (create damns to build lakes where there were any before) uses of geography- study the geography of the past so we can plan for and predict the future of geography. Common geographic elements: maps, Geographic Information System (GIS)—computer program that creates maps out of data to analyze geography. (Google Earth) culture-the beliefs, customs, arts, etc., of a particular society, group, place, or time history-the study of past events so we can predict the future social groups-people who share certain characteristics, interact with one another, accept expectations and obligations as members of the group, and share a common identity. (friends) Language-the method of human communication, either spoken or written, consisting of the use of words in a structured and conventional way. Religion-the belief in and worship of a superhuman controlling power, especially a personal God or gods. daily life-the activities and experiences that constitute a person's normal existence. arts-the various branches of creative activity, such as painting, music, literature, and dance. economy-the wealth and resources of a country or region, especially in terms of the production and consumption of goods and services. (everything people do in the business world to make money) government-the governing body of a nation, state, or community: historian- determine how people lived in the past by studying their artifacts, however, they focus mainly on written evidence. They do this by collecting all written evidence, evaluate the data, and then interpret it. prehistory- refers to the time when early man and ancient man had no form of writing to record what occurred in their lives, this ended around 3,000 years ago. map key (legend)- pictures, symbols, or colors on a map that show you how to read (interpret it) drought- a prolonged period of abnormally low rainfall; a shortage of water resulting from this. famine- extreme scarcity of food: GPS- Global Positioning System, an accurate worldwide navigational and surveying facility based on the reception of signals from an array of orbiting satellites. GIS- A geographic information system (GIS) is a system designed to capture, store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of spatial or geographical data. map scale- Map scale refers to the relationship (or ratio) between distance on a map and the corresponding distance on the ground. For example, on a 1:100000 scale map, 1cm on the map equals 1km on the ground. latitude- straight lines (side to side) that run north and south of the equator that are used to measure distance. longitude- straight lines (up and down) that run east and west from the Prime Meridian (an imaginary longitudinal line that runs through Greenwhich, England) used to measure distance. parallels- each of the imaginary parallel circles of constant latitude on the earth's surface. Meridians- imaginary north–south line on the Earth’s surface that connects both geographic poles; it is used to indicate longitude. compass rose- a circle showing the principal directions printed on a map or chart Equator- an imaginary line around the Earth forming the great circle that is equidistant from the north and south poles; "the equator is the boundary between the northern and southern hemispheres" Prime Meridian- An imaginary line running from north to south through Greenwich, England, used as the reference point for longitude. Hemisphere- hemisphere refers to one-half of the earth. It can be the northern or southern hemisphere divided at the equator, or the eastern hemisphere, east of the Prime Meridian to 180 degree longitude, or the western hemisphere, west of the Prime Meridian to 180 degree longitude. relative location- where a place is in relation to another place. absolute location- exact location on earth’s surface. Uses latitude and longitude. political map- Political maps are designed to show governmental boundaries of countries, states, and counties, the location of major cities special purpose map-also known as a thematic map. A thematic map is a map that focuses on a particular theme or special topic. An example of a thematic map would be one showing the population change of Canada in specific locations from 1996 to 2001. Chloropleth- A choropleth map is a thematic map in which areas are shaded or patterned in proportion to the measurement of the statistical variable being displayed on the map, such as population density or per-capita income. Globe- a sphere on which a map of the world or the heavens is drawn or represented. map projection- a means of representing or a representation of the globe or celestial sphere or part of it on a flat map, using a grid of lines of latitude and longitude. map distortion-when you take a globe and turn it into a flat map, the features and distances get distorted. landform- a natural feature of the earth's surface. artifact- an object made by a human being, typically an item of cultural or historical interest: fossils- he remains or impression of a prehistoric organism preserved in petrified form or as a mold or cast in rock. soil erosion- the washing away of soil by the flow of water. ecosystem- a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. 7 Natural Wonders of Africa-Victoria Falls, Mount Kilimanjaro, Ngorongoro Crater, Nile River, Okavango Delta, Red Sea Reef, Sahara Desert. http://sevennaturalwonders.org/africa/ Himalayas- The Himalayas, or Himalaya, are a mountain range in Asia separating the plains of the Indian subcontinent from the Tibetan Plateau. The Himalayan range is home to the planet's highest peaks, including the highest, Mount Everest. Gobi Desert- The Gobi is a large desert region in Asia. It covers parts of northern and northwestern China, and of southern Mongolia. natural resources-naturally occurring materials such as coal, fertile land, etc, that can be used by man. renewable resources-Crops, fish, timber, solar, and wind energy and other resources that can be used without exhausting them. Axis- an imaginary line about which a body rotates: "the earth revolves on its axis once every 24 hours" Climate- the weather conditions prevailing in an area in general or over a long period: "our hot, wet climate" Highland Climate- Highland climates are cool/cold and found in mountains and high plateaus. The climate varies because the higher you are up the mountain the colder it gets. The climate varies in places because of the mountains. Mountains can act as barriers to the movement of air masses and can cause differences in precipitation amounts. Rocky Mountain Range in North America Tropical Climate- Tropical climates are found in areas that lie close to the equator. Here the sun shines intensely. Within tropical climates, there are three groups: tropical wet; tropical wet and dry; and tropical monsoon. Tropical wet regions, also known as rain forests, have the most predictable weather on earth. Here, everyday is pretty much the same. You can expect lots of rain, warm nights and hot days. The seasons change only slightly. Mid Latitude Climate- Mid-latitude Climates: Climates in this zone are affected by two different air-masses. The tropical air-masses are moving towards the poles and the polar air-masses are moving towards the equator. These two air masses are in constant conflict. Either air mass may dominate the area, but neither has exclusive control. Four types: Dry Midlatitude Climates steppe--Characterized by grasslands, this is a semiarid climate; Mediterranean Climate chaparral biome--this is a wet-winter, dry-summer climate; Dry Midlatitude Climates grasslands biome--hese dry climates are limited to the interiors of North America and Eurasia; Moist Continental Climate--- Deciduous Forest biome This climate is in the polar front zone - the battleground of polar and tropical air masses. Seasonal changes between summer and winter are very large. Dry Climate-deserts or places that get very little rain. Very little rain means an area is “arid”. An arid area is one that gets no more than 12 inches of rain each year. Arid areas are usually deserts. Few plants, animals and people can survive here. Semi-arid areas are ones that get enough rainfall to allow grasses to grow. Colorado, for example, has miles and miles of prairie-land. With irrigation water crops can grow here. Continent- A continent is one of several very large landmasses on Earth. They are generally identified by convention rather than any strict criteria, with up to seven regions commonly regarded as continents. These are (from largest in size to smallest): Asia, Africa, North America, South America, Antarctica, Europe, and Australia. Ocean- On Earth, an ocean is one of the major conventional divisions of the World Ocean, which covers almost 71% of its surface. These are, in descending order by area, the Pacific, Atlantic, Indian, Southern, and Arctic Oceans. Decade- a period of ten (10)years. Century-a period of one-hundred (100) years Epoch- a period of time in history or a person's life, typically one marked by notable events or particular characteristics: Era- a long and distinct period of history with a particular feature or characteristic: "his death marked the end of an era" Millennium-a period of one-thousand years (1,000) BC/BCE- BC is initials that signify when something happened in time in relations to the birth of Jesus Christ. Recently, historians have changed BC (before Christ) to BCE (before the common era) AD/CE- AD is the initials that state when something happened in time in relation to the death of Jesus Christ. Recently, historians have changed AD to CE (common era) satellite imagery-the use of satellites to create pictures of the earth. Usually very large pictures of very large areas. aerial photography- the use of cameras in airplanes to take pictures of people and places on the earth. cultural diffusion- the spread of ideas, technology, and customs, from one culture to another. This usually happens through trade or conquest.