Download Period 3 Regional and Transregional Interactions

Period 4 Summary
c. 1450 to 1750
Period 4 Summary – Globalizing Networks
of Communication and Exchange

Transoceanic voyages resulted in the
connection of the Eastern & Western
Hemispheres
◦ Made possible by new inventions like the astrolabe,
caravels & revised maps

Intensification of already existing regional
trade networks like the Indian Ocean,
Mediterranean, Sahara, and Silk Roads
Period 4 Summary – Globalizing Networks
of Communication and Exchange
 Remarkable new transoceanic maritime
reconnaissance occurred during this period
◦ Zheng He’s exploration for Ming China throughout the
Indian Ocean
◦ Henry the Navigator’s development of a school for
navigation in Portugal
◦ Spanish sponsorship of Columbus’ voyages across the
Atlantic
◦ Northern Atlantic exploration for the NW Passage &
for fishing, fur trade & settlement
◦ Oceania & Polynesia were only minimally affected as
they were not completely brought into global network
Period 4 Summary – Globalizing Networks
of Communication and Exchange

Global circulation of goods were facilitated by
royal European monopoly companies like the
British East India Company. Silver was taken
from Spanish colonies in the Americas to
purchase Asian products while regional
markets continued to flourish.
◦ Influenced by mercantilism
◦ Triangle Trade was essential element of this
exchange
Period 4 Summary – Globalizing Networks
of Communication and Exchange

These new connections resulted in the Columbian
Exchange which impacted all societies in positive
(better nutrition) and negative (deforestation &
soil depletion)
◦ Diseases – smallpox, measles & influenza
◦ Vermin – mosquitos & rats
◦ American foods became staple crops in Europe, Asia &
Africa – potatoes, maize, manioc
◦ Cash crops were grown on plantations using slave labor
– sugar & tobacco
◦ Afro-Eurasian fruit trees, grains, sugar & domesticated
animals (horses, pigs, cattle) were brought to Americas
while Africans brought other foods (okra & rice)
Period 4 Summary – Globalizing Networks
of Communication and Exchange

Increased connections resulted in the
expansion and reform of existing religions
◦ Muslim sufis continued to grow in influence in
Afro-Eurasia
◦ Christianity spread throughout world in diverse
ways due to reformation
◦ Buddhism continued to spread in Asia

Syncretic belief systems & practices emerged
◦ Vodun (voodoo) in the Caribbean
◦ Cults of Saints in Latin America
◦ Sikhism in South Asia
Period 4 Summary – Globalizing Networks
of Communication and Exchange

Increased commercialization resulted in more
profits for merchant patrons and more tax
revenue for government patrons. As a result,
visual and performing arts grew.
◦ Visual Art:




Renaissance art in Europe
Miniature paintings in the Middle East & South Asia
Wood-block prints in Japan
Post-conquest codices in Mesoamerica
◦ Literature:
 Shakespeare, Cervantes, Sundiata, Journey to the West,
Kabuki
Period 4 Summary – New Forms of Social
Organization & Modes of Production

Peasant labor increased
◦ Russian Siberia frontier settlements
◦ Cotton textile production in India
◦ Silk textile production in China

Colonial economies in the Americas depended
on coerced labor
◦
◦
◦
◦
Chattel slavery
Indentured servitude
Ecomienda & hacienda system
Incan mit’a
Period 4 Summary – New Forms of Social
Organization & Modes of Production


As new social & political elites emerged
hierarchies were restructured
Already existent political elites adapted to hold
power
◦ Zamindars in Mughal India, nobility in Europe, daimyos
in Japan

New elites gained more power:
◦ Manchus in China, Creoles in Spanish America,
European gentry, urban entrepreneurs in port cities
throughout the world
Period 4 Summary – New Forms of Social
Organization & Modes of Production

Gender and family restructuring occurred,
including demographic changes (like that in Africa
as a result of the slave trade)
◦ European men depended on SE Asian women to help
conduct trade
◦ European family size decreased

Massive demographic changes in the Americas
resulted in new ethnic & racial classifications
◦ Mestizos, Mulattos, Creoles
Period 4 Summary – State Consolidation &
Imperial Expansion

Rulers used a variety of methods to legitimize &
consolidate their power
◦ Arts: monumental architecture, urban design, courtly
literature, visual arts
◦ Religious ideas: divine right in Europe, Shiism in Safavid
Empire, Aztec human sacrifice, Songhay promotion of Islam,
Chinese emperors’ public performance of Confucian rituals
◦ Control of religious & ethnic groups: Ottoman use of millet
system, Manchu policies towards Han, Spanish creation of
separate “Republica de Indios”
◦ Recruitment of bureacratic & military elites: Ottoman
devshirme, Chinese civil service exam, salaried samurai
◦ Rulers used tribute and tax farming to generate revenue
Period 4 Summary – New Forms of Social
Organization & Modes of Production

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
Imperial expansion relied on increased use of
gunpowder, cannons & armed trade to establish
large empires
Europeans established large trading empires in
Africa & Asia
Land empires expanded dramatically
◦ Manchus (Qing Dynasty), Mughals, Ottomans, Russians

European states created maritime empires in the
Americas
◦ Portuguese, Spanish, Dutch, French, British
Period 4 Summary – New Forms of Social
Organization & Modes of Production


Competition over trade routes, state rivalries &
local resistance provided challenges to state
consolidation & expansion
Competition over trade routes:
◦ Omani-European rivalry in Indian Ocean, Piracy in the
Caribbean

State rivalries:
◦ 30 Years War, Ottoman-Safavid conflict

Local resistance:
◦ food riots, samurai revolts, peasant uprisings
Period 4 Timeline:1450 - 1750
1480: Mongols
kicked out of
Moscow
1405-33:
Expeditions
of Zenghe
for Ming
1441:
Beginning
of
European
Slave
Trade in
Africa
1509: Spanish
Conquest of
Americas start
1520s:
Suleimann the
Magnificent &
Babur Rule
Islamic Empires
1517: Protestant
Reformation
1492:
Columbus
Expeditions
1571: Ottomans
defeated in Battle
of Lepanto
1590:
Hideyoshi
unifies Japan
1591: Fall of
Songhai
1640s: Japan
enters
Isolation
period
1600s:
Scientific
Revolution
1644: Qing
Dynasty
Starts
1722: Fall of
Safavids
1756-63:
Seven Years
War (French
& India War)
1658:
Decline of
Mughals
starts
1689-1725:
Peter the
Great rules
Russia
Russia
French &
English
Colonization
of Eastern
North
America
Decline of
Triangle Trade
Aztecs Route
Spanish
Colonization
Fall of
Inca
Empire –
Spanish
Colonizat
ion
Early
Nations
of
Europe
European
Colonizati
on along
Coast
Ottoman
Empire
Silk Roads
Safavid
Ming &
Empire
Qing
Dynasties
TransSaharan
Caravan
Route
Mughal
Empire
European
Colonizati
on along
Coast
Indian Ocean
Trade Route
Feudal
Japan