Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Age of Exploration Economic Issues From Regional Networks to Global networks Mercantilism • an economic theory that states that the world only contained a fixed amount of wealth and that to increase a country’s wealth, one country had to take some wealth from another either Have a higher import – export ratio Actual conquest of new lands and resources combination of both Favorable Balance of Trade • Regulated commerce could produce a favorable balance of trade. • In general, tariffs should be high on imported manufactured goods and low on imported raw material. • Need capital and labor – Translates to silver and slaves in this era Economics influenced events • Favorable balance of trade – Having exports exceed imports • The theory of mercantilism was a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century. • According to mercantilists, the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of bullion, or gold and silver. • To bring in gold and silver, nations tried to have a favorable balance of trade. • In order to maintain a favorable balance of trade, the goods exported must be of greater value than those imported. • The development of colonies and trading posts played an important role in mercantilism, since they were both sources of raw materials and markets for finished goods. Mercantilism Building of Empires Was this the rise of West? • Islamic Empires – Ottoman (land and sea) – Safavid – Mughal • Iberian Peninsula (Sea Empire) – Spain – Portugal • East Asia – Ming dynasty (early attempts then regional control) • 1644 Manchu (Jurchens) take over China – Japanese Tokugawa • Late 1500s and 1600s – Economic growth of the Dutch – Rise of the French and English Complex issues – Global context (CAC) • Conceptual tools • Contingency – Dependent on other developments. – Other that Developments that occur independently in the world and could have taken other directions and therefore events and their occurance not inevitable or that they do not have to correlate – Vast amounts of silver in Americas and labor force from Africa • Accident – Events just happen to occur at the same time – sort of like a comet that occurred at the Battle of Hastings – Also relates to where resources are located – some countries have their coal supply near a river • Conjuncture combination of events that occur independently that then interact to create a unique historical moment – Independent events converge – Eventually come together Because of connections of W. Europe and Asia Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Trinkets Liquor GUNS The “Columbian Exchange” Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough Inter-related Systems late 1400s to early 1700s • The goal of a the nation was to become self sufficient in order to be able to determine your own destiny – Beginning idea of nation-state • The result of their actions was – Growth of empires • Hegemony – dominance of one group over another – With or without force » Either economic control, military control, cultural preferences such as religion – Culture accepted as dominate (Early River Valleys, Sparta, Zhou, Medici, Saxons, Spanish – Portuguese in Americas, Russia and Balkan area between 1700 and fall of Soviet Union, British Victorians in Africa and South Asia, America post World War II) • Needed new resources • Had to control the shipping and land trade routes Bullionism (gold) • Bullionism was the belief that the economic health of a nation could be measured by the amount of precious metal, gold, or silver, which it possessed. • Bullionism dictated a favorable balance of trade. • Each nation tried to achieve economic self-sufficiency. • Those who founded new industries should be rewarded by the state. New Weapons Technology Economic Impact • Leads to a world economy which was created by the Europeans during the late 16th century • Sea power was necessary to control foreign markets. – A powerful merchant fleet would obviate the necessity of using the ships of another nation and becoming dependent on foreign assistance. – In addition, a fleet in being could add to a nation's prestige and military power. • Established an international exchange of foods, diseases and manufactured products Columbus’ Four Voyages Other Voyages of Exploration European Exploration Mexico Surrenders to Cortés The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation Negative Impact of Europeans • The colonization of the Americas by the Spanish drastically impacted the native civilizations • Forced labor, starvation and especially disease took a toll on their lives • Ravaged by smallpox measles and typhus • Hispaniola population of 250,000 1492 by 1538 only 500 survived • MexoAmerican population dropped from 25 million in 1519 to 1 million in 1630 • Also changed were the social and political structures of the peoples • They were replaced with European styles of governance and religious systems and new languages using new schools and hospitals organized by the structure of the church organized by parish and missions Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade African Diaspora Slave Trade • • Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. – – – • Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. Between 16th thru 19th century (400 years) about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas. Slave trade originated at the rise of the Islamic Empires by 900 CE Chronology and Numbers approximate Atlantic: 1450-1860 11-12 million Mediterranean: 700-1900 6-7 million Indian Ocean (and Red Sea) 800-1900 2-3 million Impact on Africa • Hardest hit was Benin which was a creative and brilliant society in the 16th century their population declined and they lost their faith in their gods and human sacrifice increased • Taken first were the strongest young men and women • Political unity within tribes such as the Ibo and the Ashanti remained but these were the tribes which contributed a large number of slaves, mostly by raiding other tribes • Trade routes shifted to the coast and away from the subSaharan trade weakening the strong and influential Songhai Empire • There was some spread of Christianity which later comes into conflict with Islam, religious wars which draw in many Africans Slave Ship Coffin position below deck during the Middle Passage ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. New Patterns of World Trade New Colonial Rivals (slave trade) Slave Trade Zheng He’s Zheng He 440 feet long Compared to 75 feet long Ming withdrew • Concerned about new philosophies of the west • Imports – New Agriculture • Cotton, potatoes, maize – The Mexican Dollar • Spanish silver pesos – Eyeglasses • Banned ship building and withdrew treasure expeditions Triangle Trade Middle Passage Transition from one dominate family of rulers that inherited the position to political ideologies and parliamentary processes • First came centralization – As monarchs (kings, emperors, sultans, khans, caliphs, Raja and whether theocratic or emerging parliamentary and anywhere in between) began to centralize their empires, they realized the need to be self-sufficient. • Then came empires to maintain their position • As their territories grew they needed growing systems to control them which included a methods to control the aristocracy (by birth and inheritance) and a new type of aristocracy The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Mestizos Native Indians Creoles Mulattos Black Slaves Treasures from the Americas! Fleets • Sea power was necessary to control foreign markets. • A powerful merchant fleet would obviate the necessity of using the ships of another nation and becoming dependent on foreign assistance. • In addition, a fleet in being could add to a nation's prestige and military power. Effects and Results of Methods of trade • • • • • • • • • • Sea Empire vs. Land Empires Ships and navigation Protection of high seas Port development New uses of gunpowder Empires that are able to adhere to these principles were able to dominate England Dutch had economic empire Spanish & Portuguese (Iberian Empires) Ottoman – Didn’t have the wood for ships so naval power was issue • Ming – Hai jin edict halts the production of ships – Concern about outside contact and the push of the Mongolians in north Dutch Economic Empire Northern Renaissance Sampling Officials of the Drapers Guild – Rembrandt - 1662 Dutch East India Company, 1602 Dutch Ship in Nagasaki Late 18c Scientific Revolution René Descartes The right environment French philosopher but lived in Leiden from 1628 to 1649. Anton van Leeuwenhoek: The Microscope & the Discovery of MicroOrganisms The Spanish Netherlands: Union of Utrecht, 1579 The United Provinces still recognized Spanish rule, but, in 1581, they declared their independence. Political and Economic Conflicts in Europe carry to rest of world • Hapsburg conflict of succession of the Holy Roman Empire with the Bourbon claims known as the War of Succession • 7 Years war (1754-1763) – Battle of Plassey fought in India in 1757 as the Nawab were supported by the French • Sir Robert Clive defeats the forces resulting in the French being pushed from India to Southeast Asia • As Bengal became under the control of the British East India Trading company– this becomes their first step in the control of South Asia and its resources eventually becoming known as the “jewel in the crown” of the British Empire • French and Indian War in the Americas • British get control of Canada • Territory west of the Mississippi under French control was ceded to the British • Spain acquired Louisiana from France as a result of their support of France during the war