* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download lithosphere_teacher
Survey
Document related concepts
Arbuscular mycorrhiza wikipedia , lookup
Human impact on the nitrogen cycle wikipedia , lookup
Surface runoff wikipedia , lookup
Soil erosion wikipedia , lookup
Soil respiration wikipedia , lookup
Soil salinity control wikipedia , lookup
Canadian system of soil classification wikipedia , lookup
Plant nutrition wikipedia , lookup
Crop rotation wikipedia , lookup
Soil horizon wikipedia , lookup
Terra preta wikipedia , lookup
Soil compaction (agriculture) wikipedia , lookup
No-till farming wikipedia , lookup
Soil food web wikipedia , lookup
Soil microbiology wikipedia , lookup
Transcript
THE LITHOSPHERE THE LITHOSPHERE - 100 KM THICK! (P.184) The hard shell of the Earth, consisting of the crust and the topmost part of the upper mantle. Contains minerals and rocks! MINERALS VS ROCKS ? (P.184-185) Minerals: Solid inorganic substance occurring naturally on Earth. They all have a very specific atomic structures, properties and composition. They each form specific crystals! Bismuth (a single element) Copper Sulfate (CuSO4) (several elements) MINERAL CLASSIFICATION (P.185 TO 187) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. They are classified according to specific properties such as: Colour : idiochromatic VS allochromatic Transparency: Allowing light to pass through it! (transparent VS translucent) Hardness: Mohs scale: 1 (talc) to 10 (diamond) Streak: They can leave a powder trace when rubbed certain surfaces SOME MINERALS FLUORESCE UNDER UV LIGHT! MINING! (P.187 TO 189) The extracted material is called the ORE and contains the substance sought-after! When the concentration of the substance is high enough to be mined, the mineral layer (in the ground) is called a DEPOSIT. 500 kg of ore are required to produce a 6-gram gold ring! WHY ARE WE ALWAYS TALKING ABOUT RINGS? OPEN-PIT MINES VS UNDERGROUND MINES https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=sVQWFmy2A_k https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1NlyaDAtGwI AND WHAT ABOUT ROCKS? (P189.-190) Definition: Heterogeneous solid composed of many minerals. Their properties are not strictly defined. They are formed by water pressure and volcanic activity. 3 SPECIFIC TYPES OF ROCKS! Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks 1) IGNEOUS ROCKS (P.190) Formed when the magma cools and solidifies! Formed either at the surface of the earth or below the ground. VERY HARD! 2 types intrusive extrusive 2) SEDIMENTARY ROCKS (P.190) Formed by the accumulation and compaction of debris. Many years of EROSION are required! Under pressure, lower layers are compacted THE GRAND CANYON….. OR THE BADLANDS! 3) METAMORPHIC ROCKS (P.191) Former igneous or sedimentary rocks that have been transformed by heat or pressure. Gneiss is initially granite! SOIL HORIZONS (LAYERS OF SOILS) (P.192) Soil comes from parent rock which makes up the solid part of the earth’s crust. Organic matter (humus) Topsoil (contains minerals and humus which support plant life) Subsoil (small mineral particles, supply nutrients to tree roots) Fragmented parent rock (disintegration of parent rock) Parent rock (starting point for soil formation) SOIL HORIZONS Soil horizons are differentiated layers. Soil It absorbs, filters and stores water. also contains all kinds of different matter as well as air, small living organism, and microorganisms that decompose organic matter, creating nutrients for plant life. SOIL FERTILITY (REMEMBER!) Soil must: 1) Contain minerals 2) Have adequate moisture 3) Have an appropriate pH (affects the plant’s ability to absorb mineral nutrients) PERMAFROST: In northern regions, large expanses of soil are permanently frozen (0oC or lower for at least two years). The upper layer or active layer of permafrost will sometimes thaw in the summer and allow certain plants to grow. PERMAFROST: CONSEQUENCES OF MELTING PERMAFROST Global warming is thawing permafrost This causes: softening of the soil, which can damage buildings landslides methane (a greenhouse gas) trapped underneath permafrost can be released, contributing even more to global warming! HOW IS NEUTRALIZATION RELEVANT WITH SOIL? Example: Buffering capacity of soil BASIC When soil is too acidic/too alkaline, it hinders plant growth because the roots cannot absorb nutrients properly Plants generally adapt to soil with a pH between 6 and 7. Soil has the ability to neutralize a certain amount of acidic or alkaline substances without affecting its pH This is called the soil’s buffering capacity It allows soil to compensate, to a certain extent, for variations in pH LITHOSPHERE ENERGY RESOURCES We can harvest energy from the Earth’s lithosphere: Energy Renewable? Pros Fossil fuels (ex: coal, oil) No Geothermal Yes No pollution Nuclear (ex: uranium) No Large amount of energy Easily accessible Cons Green house gas emissions Expensive installation Nuclear waste