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2006 ECI Conference on Geohazards
2006 ECI Conference on Geohazards

... range techniques) enables sometimes the monitoring of mass changes and kinematics related to entire steep glaciers or unstable sections. Rock fall and rock avalanches. Glacier retreat uncovers and debuttresses rock flanks. The related change in thermal, hydrologic, hydraulic and mechanic conditions ...
Sample pages 2 PDF
Sample pages 2 PDF

... Recent revision of the soil classification systems in soil scientists’ community also brought us a quite different view of the soil map of the world (Soil Survey Staff 1998; ISSS Working Group RB 1998). We often assume that the climate – plant community – soil complex shows zonal distribution patter ...
Chapter 2. Cryosols in Alaska
Chapter 2. Cryosols in Alaska

... The centers of the polygons are flat and poorly to very poorly drained, with water near or at the surface during most of the growing season. The dominant soils in the center of low-centered polygons and thaw lake basins are Typic Historthels (Hoefle et al., 1998; Ping et al., 1998). Table 2.2.1 prov ...
Global Warming Feedbacks of Methane Bubbling along Expanding
Global Warming Feedbacks of Methane Bubbling along Expanding

... ecosystems, yet it has seldom been carefully measured, due to heterogeneity in the spatial distribution and episodic release of gas bubbles. This likely results in an underestimation of total methane emission. We took advantage of ice formation over lake surfaces in NE Siberia to map patterns of met ...
PROOF COVER SHEET
PROOF COVER SHEET

... contribute significantly to the vegetation cover. The mosses are found in separate spots and occupy from 2 to 5% of the area. They are represented by Polytrichum strictum, Pleurosium schreberii, Ptilium crista-castrensis (in the cracks of peat), Dicranum elongatum, Sphagnum rubellum, S. lenense, and ...
Supplemental material
Supplemental material

... #soil N from Arctic tundra soils, the change in annual maximum #thaw depth across 12 years at the Toolik Lake LTER, ANPP from #Arctic tundra, and tissue N content estimates. In this #calculation we assume steady state of the pre-thawing soil pool, #and we estimated a mineralization rate constant, wh ...
GEOG 123B Lec. #8
GEOG 123B Lec. #8

... occurrence on Earth. What are the characteristics of each? When soil or rock temperatures remain below 0°C (32°F) for at least two years, a condition of permafrost develops. An area that has permafrost but is not covered by glaciers is considered periglacial. Note that this criterion is based solely ...
lithosphere_teacher
lithosphere_teacher

... absorbs, filters and stores water. ...
Slide 1
Slide 1

... •Found 6% decrease in total lake area •10% of lakes shrank to below 40ha •1% of lakes completely disappeared Hypothesized thawing permafrost as the driver This has been cited many times as evidence of dramatic climate change ...
Outline The Evidence For Permafrost Conditions Having Extended
Outline The Evidence For Permafrost Conditions Having Extended

... discussed above, head deposits alone are not enough to indicate the existence of permafrost (French, 1996) and it is the disturbed raised beach at Fort Clonque, where most of the pebbles lie near to the vertical, and frost thrust boulder at Fort Tourgis that provides more concrete evidence (James & ...
Mars - STScI
Mars - STScI

... Laser desorption mass spectromter. Part of Luann Becker’s (JHU) MOMA instrument for the ExoMars mission. ...
Permafrost: Permanently Frozen Ground
Permafrost: Permanently Frozen Ground

... Permafrost is soil, semi-decomposed vegetation, a dead wooly mammoth buried in the ground, or any other material that has remained frozen for more than two years. Permafrost is a function of frigid winters or cold periods powerful enough to outweigh the thawing power of summers. Permafrost forms on ...
Permafrost Engineering
Permafrost Engineering

... layers must have high concentrations of dissolved solids. The water pockets are constantly changing and there is, as yet, no economically feasible way to access this source. • C. Subpermafrost- Water below the permafrost layer. This is the most dependable place to find high quality water in large qu ...
Exam practice answers 2
Exam practice answers 2

... depend on small shrimp-like crustaceans or krill at the base of the food chain. This extreme specialisation means that commercial overfishing of krill could cause entire ecosystems to collapse. The highly specialised nature of ecosystems in the tundra and Antarctica makes them uniquely vulnerable t ...
Carbon-14 and Tritium as tracers of soil movement in earth hummocks
Carbon-14 and Tritium as tracers of soil movement in earth hummocks

... Involuted soil horizons and buried organic matter in the active layer and near-surface permafrost provide evidence that soil movement or cryoturbation is occurring within the active layer in hummocky terrain. Though there is little evidence to support timescales of hummock formation, several develop ...
LAB 6B – Permafrost: A Soil with a Past and an Uncertain Future
LAB 6B – Permafrost: A Soil with a Past and an Uncertain Future

... Consider the diagram of permafrost soil above, and make special note of the active layer. This layer contains carbon from dead plants and animals that have died within the past few years. The permafrost contains very old carbon - perhaps hundreds to thousands of years old. When this permafrost melts ...
Permafrost - hiding a climate time bomb?
Permafrost - hiding a climate time bomb?

... warming problem -- adding to the greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, which in turn will spur further warming and ice melt. "People have called it a climate time bomb, because of the danger of a rapid release of gas from the permafrost," said Domine. But in a brand-new field of research, the picture ...
A - 1 Abstract Intellectual Merit: The Arctic region contains a huge
A - 1 Abstract Intellectual Merit: The Arctic region contains a huge

... sediments. These sediments are annually (“offshore” permafrost) or seasonally frozen, representing a substantial reservoir of potentially labile organic carbon. Global warming in the Arctic region is predicted to be substantial, and possibly rapid, in next few decades. Upon permafrost melting, the o ...
Western Hudson Bay geoscience for infrastructure project The
Western Hudson Bay geoscience for infrastructure project The

1

Permafrost



In geology, permafrost or cryotic soil is soil at or below the freezing point of water 0 °C (32 °F) for two or more years. Most permafrost is located in high latitudes (in and around the Arctic and Antarctic regions), but alpine permafrost may exist at high altitudes in much lower latitudes. Ground ice is not always present, as may be in the case of nonporous bedrock, but it frequently occurs and it may be in amounts exceeding the potential hydraulic saturation of the ground material. Permafrost accounts for 0.022% of total water on earth and exists in 24% of exposed land in the Northern Hemisphere. It also occurs subsea on the continental shelves of the continents surrounding the Arctic Ocean, portions of which were exposed during the last glacial period. A global temperature rise of 1.5 °C (2.7 °F) above current levels would be enough to start the thawing of permafrost in Siberia, according to one group of scientists.
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