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Evolution- over time new types of organisms are developed from preexisting organisms Strata- rock layers that are formed when new rock layers are deposited Natural Selection- a process in which organisms that adapt well to a different environment will survive and grow in population more easily than those that don’t Adaptation- a trait that makes helps individuals live in their environment Fitness- a measure of an individual’s genes carried on to the next generation Fossil- the evidence of an organism that died a long time ago Superposition- a principle that states if the location of rock strata has yet to be disturbed then the lowest stratum was formed before the strata above it Relative Age- a fossil’s age compared to other fossils’ ages Absolute Age- the time since the formation of the object Biogeography- the study of locations of organisms around the world Homologous Structures- anatomical structures that happen in different species that originated by heredity from a structure in the most recent common ancestor of the species Analogous Structures- closely related functions but don’t derive from the same ancestral structures Vestigial Structures- structures where evidence of evolution is found that serve no function but that resembles structures with functional roles in related organisms Phylogeny- the connections by ancestry among groups of organisms Convergent Evolution- a process in which different species evolve similar traits Divergent Evolution- a process in which the descendants of a single ancestor become more varied in species that each fit different parts of the environment Adaptive Radiation- a new species in a new place will undergo divergent evolution until the population fills many parts of the environment Artificial Selection- a process tat happens when a human breeder chooses individuals that will parent the next generation Coevolution- a situation when two or more species have evolved adaptations to each other’s influence Population Genetics- the study of evolution from a genetic point of view Microevolution- a change in the collective genetic material of a population Bell Curve- the shape of a curve looks like a bell Gene Pool- the total genetic information available in a population Allele Frequency- determined by dividing the number of a certain allele by the total number of alleles of all types in the population Phenotype Frequency- equal to the number of individuals with a particular phenotype divided by the total number of individuals in the population Hardy-Weinberg Genetic Equilibrium- a principle that states that the frequency of alleles in a population does not change over generations unless outside forces act on the population Immigration- the movement of individuals into a population Emigration- the movement of individuals out of a population Gene Flow- the process of genes moving from one population to another Genetic Drift- the phenomenon by which allele frequencies in a population change as a result of chance Sexual Selection- when females tend to choose the males they mate with based on certain traits Stabilizing Selection- individuals with the average form of a trait have the highest fitness Disruptive Selection- individuals with either extreme variation of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with the average form of the trait Directional Selection- individuals that show a more extreme form of a trait have greater fitness than individuals with an average form of the trait Speciation- the process of species formation Morphology- the study of the form and structure of an organism Biology Species Concept-a population of organisms (species) that can interbreed successfully but can’t breed with other species Geographic Isolation- the physical departure of members of a population Allopatric Speciation- a result when species arise as a result of geographic isolation Reproductive Isolation- results from barriers to successful breeding between population groups in the same area Prezygotic Isolation- or premating isolation happens before fertilization Postzygotic Isolation- or postmating isolation happens after fertilization Sympatric Speciation- happens when two subpopulations become reproductively isolated within the same geographic area Gradualism- the idea that speciation happens at a regular or gradual rate Punctuated Equilibrium- a model of evolution in which short periods of dramatic change in species along with mass extinctions and fast speciation are separated by long periods of little or no change