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Download 1. Possible answer: Around the time of Muhammad`s birth, Makkah
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G U I D E T O R E A D I N G N O T E S Section 2 Section 4 1. Possible answer: Around the time of Muhammad’s birth, Makkah was a prosperous desert trading city on the Arabian Peninsula where many merchants had become wealthy. Makkah was also a religious center, and pilgrims from all over Arabia came to worship at the Ka’bah. 1. cave, Gabriel, Allah, Qur’an 2. The Ka’bah was built by Abraham, for God, centuries before Muhammad’s birth. In Muhammad’s time, most Arabs were polytheists and the Ka’bah housed statues of many different gods. 3. Possible answer: Though there was no central government uniting Arabs during this time, they shared ties of culture, particularly language. Section 3 1. birth, orphan, trader, marriage 2. Possible answer: Few people noticed Muhammad’s birth. His family was not very wealthy, and his mother sent him to live with a family of nomads in the desert. He later returned to the city and his mother, before becoming an orphan. In time, Muhammad became a trader who was known for his honesty. When he was 25, a widow named Khadijah proposed marriage. She and Muhammad had several children, including a daughter named Fatima. 622 C.E. Muhammad and his followers leave on the hijrah. 619 C.E. Muhammad’s uncle Abu Talib dies and Muslims come under more attacks in Makkah. 2. Muhammad was praying in a cave in the mountains when he was visited by the angel Gabriel. 3. Muslim means “one who surrenders to God.” 4. The holy book of Islam is the Qur’an. It contains the messages from God that Muhammad received from Gabriel. Section 5 1. reject, followers, boycott, Night Journey 2. Muhammad taught that people must worship one God, that all believers in God were equal, and that the rich should share their wealth with the poor. He urged Makkans to take care of orphans and the poor, and to improve the status of women. 3. Makkah’s leaders did not want to share their wealth, and they feared that if Muhammad became too powerful he would seize political power. 4. Jerusalem is the site of Muhammad’s Night Journey where he met and prayed with earlier prophets, such as Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, before being guided through the seven levels of heaven and meeting God (Allah). Section 6 1. Madinah, People of the Book, battles, Last Sermon 2. See completed timeline below. 624 C.E. Fighting breaks out between the Muslims and Makkans. 628 C.E. Makkans make a truce with the Muslims. 600 C.E. 622–628 C.E. Muhammad develops a new Muslim community in Madinah. © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute 632 C.E. Muhammad delivers his Last Sermon. 650 C.E. 630 C.E. Muhammad’s army captures Makkah; he rededicates the Ka’bah to Allah. The Origins and Spread of Islam 1 G U I D E T O R E A D I N G N O T E S Section 7 and 8 1. See completed map below. 2. Possible answer: Most of Arabia was under Muslim control by the time Muhammad died. After his death, later caliphs unified Arabia and expanded Islamic territory across the Middle East and North Africa. The fourth caliph was Muhammad’s son-in-law, Ali. After his death, Sunnis and Shi’ah split in a dispute over who should be the next caliph. 60°N This division continues today. In 661, the Umayyad caliphs moved the Muslim capital to Damascus. Muslims expanded into India, Central Asia, and Europe. A Muslim defeat at the Battle of Tours in France in 732 ended expansion into Europe, but Muslims kept control of Spain. 0° 0 N 1,000 miles E W 20°W 500 0 500 1,000 kilometers Azimuthal Equal-Area Projection S Tours 40°N SPAIN Damascus 20°E Jerusalem AFRICA PERSIA EGYPT ARABIAN PENINSULA 20°N Makkah (Mecca) Islamic lands at Muhammad’s death, 632 40°E Territory added, 633–661 Territory added, 662–750 0°N City 60°E MW_LG_07_01.eps Expansion of Islam, 632-750 Second Proof TCI20 19 © Teachers’ Curriculum Institute The Origins and Spread of Islam 2