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Brief Response • Using information from your studies, was the Soviet command economy successful? Explain. (3) • not successful: – chronic shortages of basic necessities as supply and demand were not considered, – poor products due to lack of competition, – Low standard of living for the Soviet people after decades. Germany Struggling Democracy; Nazi Rise p. 448 Germany • In between the end of WWI and Nazi Germany, there was a democratic government called the __________ The Weimar Republic, 1918 to 1932: • The government that took control of Germany at the end of World War I. • Generals and liberals who wanted to end the war. • Forced Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate; – he would spend the rest of his life in Holland. • They signed the ____ in 1919 with the allies, • Treaty of Versailles – agreeing to its harsh treatment of Germany. Weimar Government • They began a democratic, ______-style government. • parliamentary – Allowed communists, socialists, liberals, conservatives, and nationalists to hold office….. • EC: Two other major changes: • Women given suffrage. • New Constitution included a bill of rights for all Germans. Weimar Challenges in the 1920s Problems Hopes/Accomplishments • • • • • • • • Democracy Social order Social reforms: improve relations with world. German art and entertainment Pay off war reparations 1924: U.S. Dawes Plan By 1929, Germany’s economy is valuable again. • • • • • • • • Many arguing political parties Communists Conservatives Most Germans angry at the Versailles Treaty terms. Many blamed Jews for Germany’s defeat: Default on Loans Hyper-inflation makes German money almost worthless. Depression begins in U.S. Angry ultranationalists: • In 1919, angry veterans and other Germans would be the core members. • EC: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche Arbeiterpartei, (try to translate it, 5) • National Socialist German Workers’ Party: • Aka: The Nazis. • Their political growth was slow, in the 1920s. Adolf Hitler (background) • Became the leader of the Nazi Party. – He was an Austrian who served in the German Army in World War I. – Like Mussolini, he survived a gas attack on his artillery group, and spent the rest of the war recovering. • He practiced gestures and speech techniques like Mussolini used….. Adolf Hitler • In 1918, he, like many German soldiers, was shocked and angered that a new ___________ German government – had quit the war – had signed the humiliating Treaty of Versailles. – Weimar Initial failure; time to write • Inspired by Mussolini’s takeover of Italy, Hitler tried to take over the southern German state of _____ in 1923. • Bavaria • He and other Nazis were arrested and imprisoned. – He had time and he wrote ______. – Mein Kampf (My Battle) • He wrote of three things dangerous to Germany and Europe: (3) – Extreme nationalism • The Versailles Treaty • Destroy Communism – Aryan race was the master race of Europe – The International Jewish Conspiracy Mein Kampf, a plan, not just a hate list. • Hitler blamed Marxists, Jews, businessmen, and corrupt politicians for Germany’s defeat. • EC: The book also talks of solutions that he and the Nazis will make happen: (6) – Germany must unite under one wise, decisive party – Germans must realize they are the superior race and will rule Europe • “Aryan” (White) Race, “Master Race”, – Germany must rearm. – Germans must clean “filthy ideas and races” out of Europe. – Germany must expand and colonize other parts of Europe: • “Lebensraum” (Living Space for Germans) – Racially inferior peoples of Europe will be dealt with…. • lose their lands • work for German colonists. Quotes from Hitler’s book, Mein Kampf, 1923: • The next pages show Hitler’s opinions and plans for the future of Germany and Europe. The Versailles Treaty • -- “It must be thoroughly understood that the lost land will never be won back by solemn appeals to the God, nor by hopes in any League of Nations, but only by the force of arms.“ • EC: What does this mean Hitler will do when he takes control of Germany? • Be willing to go to war to get lands lost by Germany after WW I. Communism • -- "The streets of our country are in turmoil. The universities are filled with students rebelling and rioting. Communists are seeking to destroy our country. Russia is threatening us with her might, and the Republic is in danger. Yes - danger from within and without. We need law and order! Without it our nation cannot survive."— • EC: What does this mean Hitler will do when he takes control of Germany? • Get rid of German communists, and attack Russia Communism and Jews • • • • “But it remained for the Jews, with their unqualified capacity for falsehood, and their fighting comrades, the Marxists...by placing responsibility for the loss of the World War on the shoulders of Ludendorff they took away the weapon of moral right from the only adversary dangerous enough to be likely to succeed in bringing the betrayers of the Fatherland to Justice. All this was inspired by the principle— which is quite true in itself — that in the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility; because the broad masses of a nation are always more easily corrupted in the deeper strata of their emotional nature than consciously or voluntarily; and thus in the primitive simplicity of their minds they more readily fall victims to the big lie than the small lie, since they themselves often tell small lies in little matters but would be ashamed to resort to large-scale falsehoods. It would never come into their heads to fabricate colossal untruths, and they would not believe that others could have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously.” EC: What did Hitler mean? That Jews and Communists worked together to lie to the German people about WW I and Germany in the 1920s. The “International Jewish Conspiracy” • --“(when I was younger) I was not in agreement with the sharp anti-Semitic tone, but from time to time I read arguments which gave me some food for thought. – At all events, these occasions slowly made me acquainted with the man and the movement, which in those days guided Vienna's destinies: Dr. Karl Lueger and the Christian Social Party. “ – What did Hitler mean? – He, like all youth, was naïve about Jews, even liked them, but he saw wisdom from Social-Darwinists like Dr. Karl Lueger. The “International Jewish Conspiracy” • --“The personification of the devil as the symbol of all evil assumes the living shape of the Jew.” • -- "With satanic joy in his face, the blackhaired Jewish youth lurks in wait for the unsuspecting girl whom he defiles with his blood, thus stealing her from her people.“ • What did Hitler mean? • That Jews served Satan in taking over all creativity The “International Jewish Conspiracy” • -- “Was there any form of filth or profligacy, particularly in cultural life, without at least one Jew involved in it? If you cut even cautiously into such an abscess, you found, like a maggot in a rotting body, often dazzled by the sudden light - a kike!” • -- “I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.” • What did Hitler mean? • That Jews bring filth to civilization and they should be cleaned out of Europe and perhaps the world. How the Nazis worked in the 1920s: • Actions of the Stormtroopers (SA), “Brown Shirts”: (5) – handed out pamphlets, – organized local rallies – protected Hitler • used a simple word, “Fuhrer” (leader) – recruited new members, – intimidated and attacked Marxists and Jews • defaced and destroyed property; • Beat up and sometimes killed. From the beginning, Nazi promises to get votes were simple: (4) • He would stop paying reparations to France and Britain. • He would create jobs and restore the economy • He would rearm Germany, restore its dignity • He would get back lost German territories The Great Depression • The Nazis were losing popularity. • Hard times of the Great Depression made Germans look for someone to lead them out of all the economic misery. – This was Germany’s second miserable depression. – The Nazi message pointed out who in Germany and the World were dangerous • Jews controlling New York, London, Paris finances • Communist and Jewish agents ruining economies and societies. • Bungling, arguing democratic leaders. • Degenerate artists and media. Many joined and many more voted for the Nazis. Who?: (4) • • • • • Unemployed workers Veterans Businessmen (large and small) Rural and urban people Men and women who loved Germany Oligarchs use the Nazis? 11/12 • The most powerful Germans despised Hitler, – but thought they could use the Nazis to get rid of _____ – the Communists. • By 1931, the Nazis held many seats in the government. – The Weimar elites made him Chancellor (legally) – President von Hindenburg despised Hitler and stood in his way to complete power. Chancellor Adolf Hitler President Paul von Hindenburg Chancellor: • A prime minister, selected by the party controlling a parliamentary style government. • If the rich German forces could make Hitler the Chancellor, they could control Hitler (so they thought). That plan worked, but the elites could not control the Nazis • 1933: Hitler took more control of the government after the death of President von Hindenburg. – He became President as well. • Soon, like Napoleon, he declared a national emergency (martial law) to fight “dangers” inside the nation. • He held a _____ in 1934, • referendum • asking what?: • Do you, the German people, accept Adolf Hitler as supreme ruler (and the suspension of democracy): – Yes (Ja) or No (Nay). • “Ninety percent of voters said Yes.” Once in power, Hitler acted quickly to turn Germany into a totalitarian state: (2) • One-party rule: The Nazis • Suspension of habeas corpus. – Arrested and imprisoned socialists and communists. • Suspension of civil rights. – Made all political parties illegal – Removed Jews from civil service jobs Hitler increased job programs: • Reduced unemployment • Modernized and expanded The Volkswagen; Germany In war: the Kubelwagen – Autobahn (national freeway system) • Increased the military The Autobahn was built to improve transportation for business and“People’s the German Here is the Car”military. built for Hitler by Ferdinand Porsche….. Propaganda “Cult of Personality” • As we have seen with Mussolini and Stalin, the same government techniques and rules guided what Germany saw and thought. • Sample speeches/scenes: Triumph des Willens – Director: Leni Riefenstahl. • Inserted: – – – – – – Intercuts of enthusiastic, attentive people Multiple camera teams to catch best shots Close-ups on key party members Camera below key party members to make them look larger enhanced crowd cheers and music Staged and real close-ups of faces • She had almost a dozen camera teams to capture many angles and scenes. • 1934 Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg – Sea of Flags – Hitler Youth: – Closing ceremony Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies: – Nuremberg Laws: • 1935, Hitler removed civil rights and citizenship from all German Jews. – – – – – – Marriages made illegal Mixed-marriage/dating illegal No education or teaching in German schools No government jobs No practicing law or medicine No publishing literature or art Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies: • Hitler began his anti-Jewish program…. (2) • SA harassed Jews on the streets (3) – Heckling – Beating – Vandalism • Book Burnings (3) – Not only works by Jews, but by liberals, communists – Books about peace • All Quiet on the Western Front Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies: • Jews, who could, emigrated out of Germany…..Germany made them pay to leave • many countries, even the United States, accepted only a few of them, but mostly blocked them from entering. Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies: • 1938, ____ (Night of Broken Glass) – “Kristallnacht” – Using a small event in Paris, Hitler incited ordinary Germans to (5) • • • • attack Jews anywhere in Germany, destroy their property, drive them out (kill them if necessary). The government also arrested thousands. Winning the “Hearts and Minds” of young Germans • What did the Nazi government do/use? (5) • Youth programs • Hitler Jugen (Hitler Youth) and Deutsche Mädshchen (German Maidens) • • • • Speeches, magazines, radio shows, film School books and lessons Rallies and field trips Physical fitness Hitler wanted only the part of religion that justified his actions (3) • He was fighting for God against evil. • All Protestant churches were combined into a state run church. EC: Why? – He regarded the peaceful teachings of Christianity and other religions as spreading weakness. • The Catholic Church was censored. – Their schools were closed – Few resisted or spoke out against the Nazis. – Pope Pius XI did nothing to stop it. Purges: a Reformed Nazi Party • Hitler purged Brown-Shirt SS leader, Heinrich Himmler, #3 in power Nazis that “worried” him. The event is called __ – “The Night of the Long Knives” • Organized a new, brutal body guard for himself: – Schutzstaffel (SS) --Hitler on propaganda: • "All propaganda must be so popular and on such an intellectual level, that even the most stupid of those toward whom it is directed will understand it... “ • EC (except honors): What did Hitler mean? • A lie must be so simple that it reaches the largest number of people --Hitler on propaganda: • “Through clever and constant application of propaganda, people can be made to see paradise as hell, and also the other way around, to consider the most wretched sort of life as paradise.“ • EC (except honors): What did Hitler mean? • By repeating a clever lie most people will believe it readily any way one wants them too. Gestapo: • When in power, Hitler organized a secret police force: – Hunted down and arrested people “dangerous” to Germany. • During WW II, they would often kill their suspects. Third Reich: • Hitler’s Third German Empire. • EC: Like the first two Reichs, Hitler would make Germany master of itself and its neighbors: (2) – Hitler’s Reich would last 1000 years. – The “Master Race”. – EC: The first two reichs were….. • First Reich: The Germanic “Holy Roman Empire” • Second Reich: Germany in 1870, under Otto von Bismarck and Kaiser Wilhelm I hwk Image, 449 • Question • They would go through their cash and savings very fast. Standards Check, 449 • Question: • Extreme, competing political parties • Conflict with France over the Versailles Treaty • Runaway inflation in the 1920s • Economic depression in the 1920s and 1930s Biography, 450 • Question (Think about what we learned about Freud’s psychoanalysis). • To understand how events from your upbringing (childhood, adolescence) affected his later behavior and beliefs. Standards Check, 450 • • • • Hitler planned: Defy the Versailles Treaty Create jobs Restore German greatness Standards Check, p 452 • • • • Question: The Nazi Party maintained power by Keeping many of Hitler’s promises Brutally cracking down on dissent (complainers) Notable Jewish Figures list, 453 • Question • Germany would suffer from the loss of their talent and ability, especially….. – Albert Einstein = atomic bomb Standards Check, 453 • Question: • Many European nations became authoritarian because …. • Economic problems • Ethnic tension • Inexperience in democracy Brief Response • What made Hitler’s Nazi Party so appealing to Germans and some in the world? DBA, p 457, Answers • 1 document A focuses on which factor that aided Hitler’s rise to power? –C the economy • 2 according to Document C, the Nazis persecuted the Jews because –B they wanted to keep attention from other problems DBA, p 457, Answers • 3 according to Document D, the Nazis’ main goal was to –A dominate Europe DBA, p 457, Answers • 4 explain why Germany was “fertile soil” for the Nazis following World War I. Give your reasons, using these documents and information from the chapter. – The Versailles Treaty had humiliated and economically debilitated Germany – The Great Depression made things worse – Hitler promised honor and economic strength – Nazis used Jews as “scapegoats”, blaming them for all Germany’s problems.