Download The Nazis Rise to Power in Germany

Brief Response
• Using information from your studies, was
the Soviet command economy successful?
Explain. (3)
• not successful:
– chronic shortages of basic necessities as
supply and demand were not considered,
– poor products due to lack of competition,
– Low standard of living for the Soviet people
after decades.
Germany
Struggling Democracy;
Nazi Rise
p. 448
Germany
• In between the end of WWI and Nazi
Germany, there was a democratic
government called the __________
The Weimar Republic, 1918 to 1932:
• The government that took control of Germany at
the end of World War I.
• Generals and liberals who wanted to end the
war.
• Forced Kaiser Wilhelm II to abdicate;
– he would spend the rest of his life in Holland.
• They signed the ____ in 1919 with the allies,
• Treaty of Versailles
– agreeing to its harsh treatment of Germany.
Weimar Government
• They began a democratic, ______-style
government.
• parliamentary
– Allowed communists, socialists, liberals,
conservatives, and nationalists to hold office…..
• EC: Two other major changes:
• Women given suffrage.
• New Constitution included a bill of rights for
all Germans.
Weimar Challenges in the 1920s
Problems
Hopes/Accomplishments
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Democracy
Social order
Social reforms:
improve relations with world.
German art and entertainment
Pay off war reparations
1924: U.S. Dawes Plan
By 1929, Germany’s economy
is valuable again.
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Many arguing political parties
Communists
Conservatives
Most Germans angry at the
Versailles Treaty terms.
Many blamed Jews for
Germany’s defeat:
Default on Loans
Hyper-inflation makes German
money almost worthless.
Depression begins in U.S.
Angry ultranationalists:
• In 1919, angry veterans and other Germans
would be the core members.
• EC: Nationalsozialistische Deutsche
Arbeiterpartei, (try to translate it, 5)
• National Socialist German Workers’ Party:
• Aka: The Nazis.
• Their political growth was slow, in the 1920s.
Adolf Hitler (background)
• Became the leader of the Nazi Party.
– He was an Austrian who served in the German Army
in World War I.
– Like Mussolini, he survived a gas attack on his
artillery group, and spent the rest of the war
recovering.
• He practiced gestures and speech techniques
like Mussolini used…..
Adolf Hitler
• In 1918, he, like many German
soldiers, was shocked and angered
that a new ___________ German
government
– had quit the war
– had signed the humiliating Treaty of
Versailles.
– Weimar
Initial failure; time to write
• Inspired by Mussolini’s takeover of Italy, Hitler tried to take over the
southern German state of _____ in 1923.
• Bavaria
• He and other Nazis were arrested and imprisoned.
– He had time and he wrote ______.
– Mein Kampf (My Battle)
• He wrote of three things dangerous to Germany and Europe: (3)
– Extreme nationalism
• The Versailles Treaty
• Destroy Communism
– Aryan race was the master race of Europe
– The International Jewish Conspiracy
Mein Kampf, a plan,
not just a hate list.
• Hitler blamed Marxists, Jews, businessmen, and corrupt
politicians for Germany’s defeat.
• EC: The book also talks of solutions that he and the
Nazis will make happen: (6)
– Germany must unite under one wise, decisive party
– Germans must realize they are the superior race and will rule
Europe
• “Aryan” (White) Race, “Master Race”,
– Germany must rearm.
– Germans must clean “filthy ideas and races” out of Europe.
– Germany must expand and colonize other parts of Europe:
• “Lebensraum” (Living Space for Germans)
– Racially inferior peoples of Europe will be dealt with….
• lose their lands
• work for German colonists.
Quotes from Hitler’s book, Mein
Kampf, 1923:
• The next pages show Hitler’s opinions and
plans for the future of Germany and
Europe.
The Versailles Treaty
• -- “It must be thoroughly understood that the lost
land will never be won back by solemn appeals
to the God, nor by hopes in any League of
Nations, but only by the force of arms.“
• EC: What does this mean Hitler will do when he
takes control of Germany?
• Be willing to go to war to get lands lost by
Germany after WW I.
Communism
• -- "The streets of our country are in turmoil. The
universities are filled with students rebelling and rioting.
Communists are seeking to destroy our country.
Russia is threatening us with her might, and the
Republic is in danger. Yes - danger from within and
without. We need law and order! Without it our nation
cannot survive."—
• EC: What does this mean Hitler will do when he takes
control of Germany?
• Get rid of German communists, and attack Russia
Communism and Jews
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“But it remained for the Jews, with their unqualified capacity for
falsehood, and their fighting comrades, the Marxists...by placing
responsibility for the loss of the World War on the shoulders of
Ludendorff they took away the weapon of moral right from the only
adversary dangerous enough to be likely to succeed in bringing the
betrayers of the Fatherland to Justice.
All this was inspired by the principle— which is quite true in itself — that
in the big lie there is always a certain force of credibility; because the
broad masses of a nation are always more easily corrupted in the
deeper strata of their emotional nature than consciously or voluntarily;
and thus in the primitive simplicity of their minds they more readily
fall victims to the big lie than the small lie, since they themselves
often tell small lies in little matters but would be ashamed to resort to
large-scale falsehoods. It would never come into their heads to
fabricate colossal untruths, and they would not believe that others could
have the impudence to distort the truth so infamously.”
EC: What did Hitler mean?
That Jews and Communists worked together to lie to the German
people about WW I and Germany in the 1920s.
The “International Jewish Conspiracy”
• --“(when I was younger) I was not in
agreement with the sharp anti-Semitic tone,
but from time to time I read arguments which
gave me some food for thought.
– At all events, these occasions slowly made me
acquainted with the man and the movement, which in
those days guided Vienna's destinies: Dr. Karl
Lueger and the Christian Social Party. “
– What did Hitler mean?
– He, like all youth, was naïve about Jews, even liked
them, but he saw wisdom from Social-Darwinists like
Dr. Karl Lueger.
The “International Jewish Conspiracy”
• --“The personification of the devil as the
symbol of all evil assumes the living shape
of the Jew.”
• -- "With satanic joy in his face, the blackhaired Jewish youth lurks in wait for the
unsuspecting girl whom he defiles with his
blood, thus stealing her from her people.“
• What did Hitler mean?
• That Jews served Satan in taking over all
creativity
The “International Jewish Conspiracy”
• -- “Was there any form of filth or profligacy, particularly in
cultural life, without at least one Jew involved in it? If you
cut even cautiously into such an abscess, you found,
like a maggot in a rotting body, often dazzled by the
sudden light - a kike!”
• -- “I believe that I am acting in accordance with the will of
the Almighty Creator: by defending myself against the
Jew, I am fighting for the work of the Lord.”
• What did Hitler mean?
• That Jews bring filth to civilization and they should
be cleaned out of Europe and perhaps the world.
How the Nazis worked in the 1920s:
• Actions of the Stormtroopers (SA), “Brown
Shirts”: (5)
– handed out pamphlets,
– organized local rallies
– protected Hitler
• used a simple word, “Fuhrer” (leader)
– recruited new members,
– intimidated and attacked Marxists and Jews
• defaced and destroyed property;
• Beat up and sometimes killed.
From the beginning, Nazi promises to
get votes were simple: (4)
• He would stop paying reparations to
France and Britain.
• He would create jobs and restore the
economy
• He would rearm Germany, restore its
dignity
• He would get back lost German territories
The Great Depression
• The Nazis were losing popularity.
• Hard times of the Great Depression made
Germans look for someone to lead them out
of all the economic misery.
– This was Germany’s second miserable
depression.
– The Nazi message pointed out who in Germany and
the World were dangerous
• Jews controlling New York, London, Paris finances
• Communist and Jewish agents ruining economies and
societies.
• Bungling, arguing democratic leaders.
• Degenerate artists and media.
Many joined and many more voted for
the Nazis. Who?: (4)
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Unemployed workers
Veterans
Businessmen (large and small)
Rural and urban people
Men and women who loved Germany
Oligarchs use the Nazis? 11/12
• The most powerful Germans despised Hitler,
– but thought they could use the Nazis to get rid of
_____
– the Communists.
• By 1931, the Nazis held many seats in the
government.
– The Weimar elites made him Chancellor (legally)
– President von Hindenburg despised Hitler and stood
in his way to complete power.
Chancellor Adolf
Hitler
President Paul von
Hindenburg
Chancellor:
• A prime minister, selected by the party
controlling a parliamentary style government.
• If the rich German forces could make Hitler the
Chancellor, they could control Hitler (so they
thought).
That plan worked, but the elites could
not control the Nazis
• 1933: Hitler took more control of the government after
the death of President von Hindenburg.
– He became President as well.
• Soon, like Napoleon, he declared a national emergency
(martial law) to fight “dangers” inside the nation.
• He held a _____ in 1934,
• referendum
• asking what?:
• Do you, the German people, accept Adolf Hitler as supreme ruler
(and the suspension of democracy):
– Yes (Ja) or No (Nay).
• “Ninety percent of voters said Yes.”
Once in power, Hitler acted quickly to turn
Germany into a totalitarian state: (2)
• One-party rule: The Nazis
• Suspension of habeas corpus.
– Arrested and imprisoned socialists and
communists.
• Suspension of civil rights.
– Made all political parties illegal
– Removed Jews from civil service jobs
Hitler increased job programs:
• Reduced unemployment
• Modernized and expanded
The Volkswagen;
Germany
In war: the Kubelwagen
– Autobahn (national freeway system)
• Increased the military
The Autobahn was built to improve transportation for
business
and“People’s
the German
Here is the
Car”military.
built for Hitler by Ferdinand
Porsche…..
Propaganda
“Cult of Personality”
• As we have seen with Mussolini and Stalin, the same government
techniques and rules guided what Germany saw and thought.
• Sample speeches/scenes: Triumph des Willens
– Director: Leni Riefenstahl.
• Inserted:
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Intercuts of enthusiastic, attentive people
Multiple camera teams to catch best shots
Close-ups on key party members
Camera below key party members to make them look larger
enhanced crowd cheers and music
Staged and real close-ups of faces
• She had almost a dozen camera teams to capture many angles and scenes.
• 1934 Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg
– Sea of Flags
– Hitler Youth:
– Closing ceremony
Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies:
– Nuremberg Laws:
• 1935, Hitler removed civil rights and
citizenship from all German Jews.
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Marriages made illegal
Mixed-marriage/dating illegal
No education or teaching in German schools
No government jobs
No practicing law or medicine
No publishing literature or art
Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies:
• Hitler began his anti-Jewish
program…. (2)
• SA harassed Jews on the streets (3)
– Heckling
– Beating
– Vandalism
• Book Burnings (3)
– Not only works by Jews, but by liberals, communists
– Books about peace
• All Quiet on the Western Front
Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies:
• Jews, who could, emigrated out of
Germany…..Germany made them
pay to leave
• many countries, even the United
States, accepted only a few of
them, but mostly blocked them
from entering.
Anti-Semitic (Jew-Hating) Policies:
• 1938, ____ (Night of Broken Glass)
– “Kristallnacht”
– Using a small event in Paris, Hitler
incited ordinary Germans to (5)
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attack Jews anywhere in Germany,
destroy their property,
drive them out (kill them if necessary).
The government also arrested thousands.
Winning the “Hearts and Minds”
of young Germans
• What did the Nazi government do/use? (5)
• Youth programs
• Hitler Jugen (Hitler Youth) and Deutsche
Mädshchen (German Maidens)
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Speeches, magazines, radio shows, film
School books and lessons
Rallies and field trips
Physical fitness
Hitler wanted only the part of
religion that justified his actions (3)
• He was fighting for God against evil.
• All Protestant churches were combined
into a state run church. EC: Why?
– He regarded the peaceful teachings of
Christianity and other religions as spreading
weakness.
• The Catholic Church was censored.
– Their schools were closed
– Few resisted or spoke out against the Nazis.
– Pope Pius XI did nothing to stop it.
Purges: a Reformed Nazi Party
• Hitler
purged
Brown-Shirt
SS leader,
Heinrich Himmler,
#3 in power Nazis that
“worried” him. The event is called __
– “The Night of the Long Knives”
• Organized a new, brutal body guard for
himself:
– Schutzstaffel (SS)
--Hitler on propaganda:
• "All propaganda must be so popular and
on such an intellectual level, that even the
most stupid of those toward whom it is
directed will understand it... “
• EC (except honors): What did Hitler
mean?
• A lie must be so simple that it reaches the
largest number of people
--Hitler on propaganda:
• “Through clever and constant application of
propaganda, people can be made to see
paradise as hell, and also the other way around,
to consider the most wretched sort of life as
paradise.“
• EC (except honors): What did Hitler mean?
• By repeating a clever lie most people will believe
it readily any way one wants them too.
Gestapo:
• When in power, Hitler organized a secret
police force:
– Hunted down and arrested people
“dangerous” to Germany.
• During WW II, they would often kill
their suspects.
Third Reich:
• Hitler’s Third German Empire.
• EC: Like the first two Reichs, Hitler would make
Germany master of itself and its neighbors: (2)
– Hitler’s Reich would last 1000 years.
– The “Master Race”.
– EC: The first two reichs were…..
• First Reich: The Germanic “Holy Roman Empire”
• Second Reich: Germany in 1870, under Otto von Bismarck
and Kaiser Wilhelm I
hwk
Image, 449
• Question
• They would go through their cash and
savings very fast.
Standards Check, 449
• Question:
• Extreme, competing political parties
• Conflict with France over the Versailles
Treaty
• Runaway inflation in the 1920s
• Economic depression in the 1920s and
1930s
Biography, 450
• Question (Think about what we learned
about Freud’s psychoanalysis).
• To understand how events from your
upbringing (childhood, adolescence)
affected his later behavior and beliefs.
Standards Check, 450
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Hitler planned:
Defy the Versailles Treaty
Create jobs
Restore German greatness
Standards Check, p 452
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Question:
The Nazi Party maintained power by
Keeping many of Hitler’s promises
Brutally cracking down on dissent
(complainers)
Notable Jewish Figures list, 453
• Question
• Germany would suffer from the loss of
their talent and ability, especially…..
– Albert Einstein = atomic bomb
Standards Check, 453
• Question:
• Many European nations became
authoritarian because ….
• Economic problems
• Ethnic tension
• Inexperience in democracy
Brief Response
• What made Hitler’s Nazi Party so
appealing to Germans and some in the
world?
DBA, p 457, Answers
• 1 document A focuses on which factor that
aided Hitler’s rise to power?
–C
the economy
• 2 according to Document C, the Nazis
persecuted the Jews because
–B
they wanted to keep attention from other
problems
DBA, p 457, Answers
• 3 according to Document D, the Nazis’
main goal was to
–A
dominate Europe
DBA, p 457, Answers
• 4 explain why Germany was “fertile soil”
for the Nazis following World War I. Give
your reasons, using these documents and
information from the chapter.
– The Versailles Treaty had humiliated and
economically debilitated Germany
– The Great Depression made things worse
– Hitler promised honor and economic strength
– Nazis used Jews as “scapegoats”, blaming
them for all Germany’s problems.