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Chapter 21: Infectious Diseases A. Physical and Chemical Defenses a. Skin: physical barrier because no gaps, chemical because sweat contains acids that kill pathogens b. Mucous Membranes: trap and wash pathogens away, chemicals that attack pathogens c. Cilia: hair-like structures that move mucus and pathogens out of the body d. Saliva and Tears: contain chemicals to attack pathogens and trap and wash away e. Digestive System: contain acids, normal movement moves pathogens, contain normal bacteria that attack pathogens f. Inflammation: damaged cells release a chemical that enlarges blood vessels allowing phagocytes (WBC) to attack pathogens; area become red, swollen, and inflamed; phagocytes release chemicals that form pus g. Immune System i. WBC – T cells, B cells: produce antibodies and attack and destroy pathogens ii. Antibodies: proteins that tag a pathogen for destruction by T cells B. Disease Agencies 1. CDC (Center for Disease Control): US governmental agency that helps safeguard the public from infectious disease and provide information on healthy decision making 2. NIH (National Institute of Health): US governmental agency that performs biomedical research 3. Safeguarding the Public a. Health and Safety Codes (FDA) (Ch 24 PH) FDA: inspects, tests, and assess the safety of food, drugs, and a variety of consumer goods OSHA: Occupational Safety and Health Administration; identifies occupational hazards and enforces laws requiring minimum safety standards in the workplace EPA: protects the public from environmental hazards; laws that regulate pollution and sets standards for safe levels of exposure to toxic substances and radiation Local Government: health codes regarding water quality, sanitation in restaurants, and sewage treatment facilities C. Causes of Disease a. Pathogens: microorganisms that cause disease Ex. Bacteria, virus, protozoan, fungus Once inside the body they multiply D. Mode of Transmission Pathogens can enter through breaks in the skin or through the moist linings of the eyes, ears, nose, mouth, or other openings a. Infected People Direct Contact: shaking hands, kissing, STI Indirect Contact: coughs or sneezes, contact with blood b. Infected Animals Animal bites can spread rabies, Lyme disease, malaria c. Contaminated Objects Doorknobs, utensils, towels, needles, cups, money, desktops d. Contaminated Food, Soil, Water Salmonella (poultry), botulism (dented cans, improperly stored canned foods), tetanus (from rusty objects or soil), cholera (drinking water contaminated by human sewage) E. Diseases a. Bacterial i. Types: o Strep Throat: bacterial infection of nose and throat o Lyme Disease: tick bites carrying LD cause red rash, fever, chills o Meningitis: infection of spinal cord and fluid resulting in high fever, headache, vomiting, and stiff neck o MRSA: open wounds, attack lungs o Tuberculosis: infection of the lungs transmitted from coughing or sneezing resulting in weight loss, mild fever, constant cough ii. Treatment: antibiotics b. Viral i. Types: o Common Cold: combination of several viruses; airborne o Influenza: upper respiratory infections; airborne; 30,000 die/yr o Pneumonia: serious infection of the lungs o Mono: fatigue, sore throat, infection of lymph nodes o Hepatitis: fever, nausea, pain in abdomen, jaundice A (through waste, contaminated food/water; vaccine) B (blood, sex, tattoos; vaccine) C (blood, sex, tattoo; liver transplant, no vaccine) ii. Treatment: OTC, plenty of fluids, healthy diet c. Tattoos and Body Piercing: can cause viral or bacterial infections F. Epidemic Diseases o An unusually high occurrence of a disease in a certain place during a certain period of time o Occur because of contact with infected animals, drug resistance, lack of immunization, international travel, global foods a. b. c. d. West Nile: mosquito bites SARS (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome): contact with cough or sneeze Avian/Bird Flu: contact with infected bird, person-to-person; sever flu Malaria: mosquito bite; parasite that affects RBC, can lead to encephalitis (swelling and infection of the brain) e. Swine Flu (H1N1) G. Passive and Active Immunity Passive: babies receive temporary immunity from the mother before birth and then through breast milk after birth Active: receive vaccines (weakened or dead form of the pathogen that results in an immune response to increase the number of antibodies before exposure to a stronger pathogen) H. Prevention 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Wash your hands with soap and water (minimum of 20 seconds) Cough or sneeze into your arm or tissue Avoid cross-contamination Cook food fully Don’t share cups, utensils, Chapsticks, makeup