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What are Atoms Made of? While Viewing the Program 1. What is an element? A pure substance composed of atoms with the same atomic number. 2. How many elements are there? 114 3. Why can’t we look at atoms? They are really small 4. What kind of evidence is used to support the theory that matter is composed of atoms? X-ray diffraction data, radiation experiments (indirect evidence) 5. Define the following: a) Proton Sub-atomic particle with a positive charge b) Neutron Sub-atomic particle with no charge c) Electron Tiny sub-atomic particle with a negative charge d) Ion Charged atom or group of atoms (uneven number of protons and electrons) e) Isotope Atoms with the same number of protons but different neutron numbers. 6. How much of the space occupied by an atom is the nucleus? Not much (about 1/10000) a) What is an atom mostly made up of? Empty space! 7. What kind of particles did Rutherford fire at the sheet of gold leaf? Alpha particles (helium nuclei) a) What kind of charge would these particles have? positive b) What was he expecting? Nothing!!!! c) What actually happened? Some alpha particles bounced back and many were deflected. 8. What did Niels Bohr discover about where electrons can be found? They exist in certain energy levels called shells. a) What did the colours in emission spectra represent? Wavelengths corresponding to light given out when electrons moved from a higher to lower shell. 9. What is the outer shell of electrons called? Valence shell a) Why is it important? The valence electrons are involved in chemical reactions. 10. Why did Mendeleev call his table “Periodic”? Because properties repeated periodically (ie. Elements in the same column have similar chemical properties) a) There were gaps in the table. What did he predict about these gaps? He predicted properties of undiscovered elements and within 20 years they were discovered. 11. Explain the following and provide an example for each: a) Chemical Symbol One or two letters used to represent element eg. Sodium-Na b) Atomic number Number of protons in atom c) Atomic weight Relative weight compared to carbon-12 12. Complete the following table Group Number of electrons in outer shell (Valence electrons) Alkali metals 1 Alkaline Earth metals 2 Noble gases 2 or 8 Halogens 7 13. What is a period? A row of the periodic table 14. Complete the following table. Max # of e- = 2 x (shell number)2 Shell number Number of electrons in shell 1 2 2 8 3 18 4 32 5 50 Octet rule: a shell is stable (unreactive) once there are 8 e- in it a) Explain how you find the answer. See above 15. Why is an element with only one electron in its outer shell very reactive? If it loses it, it will have a noble gas e- configuration a) What about an element that only needs one more electron to fill its outer shell? It will gain an electron b) Give an example for each of the above. Group 1 elements lose electrons, group 7/17(halogens) will gain an electron 16. What happens when Sodium and Chlorine react? Sodium loses an electron to chlorine a) How is this different from a mixture? Mixtures are not chemically combined 17. What is the difference between ionic bonding and covalent bonding? Ionic is ions stuck together, covalent = shared electrons 18. What is a cation? A positively charged ion 19. An anion? A negatively charged ion 20. Write a chemical equation for what happens when: a) Potassium combines with chlorine to produce Potassium Chloride 2K(s) + Cl2(g) 2KCl(s) b) The combination of Carbon with oxygen to produce Carbon dioxide C(s) + O2(g) CO2(g) 21 What do you think the di in dioxide stands for? 2 BrainPOP - Periodic Table Name Watch the Periodic Table movie at http://www.BrainPop.com/ to complete this worksheet. 1. The Periodic Table of Elements is a list of all the chemical elements that occur in the __universe_____________. It categorizes elements according to the properties of their __atoms________, which are the smallest unit of an element. 2. Atoms are made up of a __nucleus___________ composed of protons and neutrons and a number of electrons orbiting in shells or _orbitals____________. 3. It is the number of protons, neutrons, and electrons in an element’s atoms that determines its __properties____________. The configuration of the three particles is the only thing that makes one element ___different____________ from another. The modern table organizes elements so it is easier to see how elements are __related___________ to each other. The elements are listed by the ___atomic number__________ ___________, or the number of protons in the atom’s nuclei. The table also lists the elements _symbol____________, name, and _atomic__________ __mass_______. 4. 5. Each shell can hold only a certain number of __electrons___________. The number Word List: 92 118 atomic mass atomic number atoms bond chemical color different electrons giving up groups nucleus orbitals periods properties related sharing symbol universe valence of electrons in an atom’s outer shell plays an important role in that atom’s properties determining what other kinds of atoms it can __bond_________ with. Atoms bond together in molecules by either __giving up_________ ___ or __sharing_________ electrons. __Valence______________ describe the number of electrons in the outer shell. 6. Because atoms with similar numbers of electrons in outer shells behave in similar ways, you can also read the table in vertical rows called __groups__________. Elements in groups have similar __chemical___________ properties. The periodic table is also organized by ___colour__________ into different categories. These categories are organized by properties of the elements. 7. 8. Some periodic tables may show elements all the way up to number 118 , but any element over Uranium number 92 nature and must be made in a lab. is too unstable to occur in Try the quiz to help you answer these questions ... What do you get when you chemically combine chlorine gas and sodium? A. Table salt B. Car wax C. A bad monster Which of the following is a noble gas? A. Hydrogen B. Helium C. Carbon How do you find the atomic number of an atom? A. # of Protons B. # of Neutrons C. # of Electrons What are metallic elements generally known for? A. Liquid at room temp B. Conductivity C. Generosity Where would you find the element copper? A. Steak knives What is the smallest unit of a pure element? A. Atom B. Telephone wires B. Neutron C. Vacuum tubes C. Molecule What do we call an atom in which the number of protons is not equal to the number of electrons? ion How is the Periodic Table organized? A. Rows and aisles B. Periods and groups When was the first modern Periodic Table developed? A. 1066 C. Lines and boxes B. 1492 C. 1871 What is a molecule? A. Particles that are fragile B. Atoms that have bonded C. Synthetic car seat covers Who is credited with coming up with the modern Periodic Table? A. Einstein B. Bohr How are elements listed in the Periodic Table? A. Year discovered B. Atomic Number C. Mendeleyev C. Physical beauty What are Atoms Made of?